6. Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
WHOLESALING
Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.
Wholesaling is often a field of small business. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales.
Two-third of the wholesaling middleman are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There are also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don't earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.
Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers.
Answer the questions.
1. What is the aim of the wholesaling?
2.What is an indirect channel of distribution?
3. What channel of distribution is preferable?
II Вариант
1. Употребите инфинитив глагола с частицей to или без неё. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. I would love (learn / to learn) Japanese.
2. Do you know how (to use / use) computer?
3. If you want (to go / go) to China you have (to get / get) a visa.
4. Do you think Ann will agree (have / to have) the meeting in her office?
2. Перепишите предложения, поставьте глагол в пассивном залоге. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Over forty languages (speak) in Kenya.
2. The telephone (invert) by a Scotsman.
3. You wedding dress (finish) in a couple of days.
4. Our shop (visit) by hundreds of buyers everyday.
3. Перепишите предложения заменив активный залог на пассивный.
1. They’ve found your wallet in the supermarket.
2. The whole family watches this program.
3. Somebody has taken my book.
4. We were discussing the plan when he came.
4. Перепишите предложения заменив пассивный залог на активный.
1. Paris is visited by thousand of tourists every year.
2. The last lecture will be given by Prof. James.
3. A definite answer will have been given you by Monday.
4. The catalogues may be looked through by our customer.
5. Укажите инфинитив от следующих причастий II:
Brought, found, flown, hurt, left, made, seen, shown, stood, thought.
6. Перепишите и переведите текст используя словарь.
RETAILING
Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.
The retailers operate through stores, mail-order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.
The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.
Active vocabulary.
retailing - розничная продажа
ultimate consumer - конечный потребитель
mail-order house - посылторг
vending machine operator - оператор торговых автоматических машин (продающих мелкие товары: газеты, сигареты и т.д.)
discount house - магазин с относительно
низкими ценами на товары
single line retailer - розничный торговец, продающий какой-либо один товар
to perform functions - выполнять функции
extending credit - длительный кредит
outlet - рынок сбыта, торговая точка
discount - скидка
Answer the questions.
1. What is retailing?
2. In what way does a retailer serve a customer?
3. In what way does a retailer serve a manufacturer?
Passive Voice
| Simple | Progressive | Perfect | Perfect Progressive | |
| Present | Am Is V3ed Are | Am Is V3ed Are | Has been V3-ed Have been V3-ed | ------------------- |
| Past | Was V3-ed were | Was being V3ed Were | Had been V3-ed | ------------------- |
| Future | Will be V3ed | ---------------- | Will have been V3ed | ------------------- |
| Future in the Past | Would be V3ed | ---------------- | Would have been V3ed | -------------------- |