We're all familiar with slogans such as "low-calorie" and "sugar-free." But those are phrases of the past. These days it's hard to walk down a supermarket aisle and not notice America's fixation, perhaps even obsession, with fat. It is a game of how little fat one
can ingest while still enjoying all those snack-time favorites. In today's market of “nonfat" and "zero fat," it is even questionable whether products offering modest "low-fat" slogans can remain contenders. But how long can this fat- free frenzy hold its grip on the
American population?
Waistlines have continued to grow even in an intense era of fat watching. A 1994 study published in the Journal of American Medical Association showed that one-third of adults were overweight between 1988 and 1991. In previous years, those figures held
steady at one-quarter of the population. Despite America's current fixation on fat, Maureen Pestine, Northwestern campus nutritionist, said sugar may return as the focus of people's health in the future. "My big concern is that people are eating all these fat-free products
thinking this is a way to lose weight," Pestine said. "Generally, the fat-free products have more sugar." Unfortunately, these empty calories are a culprit of weight gain. "I don't think the companies see it as a problem," Pestine said. "They think, 'Let's get rid of all the
fat and give them all the sugar.' Fat leads to satiety, a feeling of satisfaction. Without it, people tend to feel less full and often eat more as a result. This leads to trouble for some people. "They think they can eat a whole box of fat-free somethings," Pestine said.
Current dietary guidelines issued by the American Dietetic Association call for a diet moderate in sugar that includes plenty of grain products, vegetables, and fruits. Making broader food choices, focusing on proportionality and balancing food with physical
activity are additional suggestions. But such guidelines lack the magical, cure-all appeal Americans desire.
Dan Henroid, a dietitian for Evanston Hospital, sees a future trend in the increasing popularity of meal-replacement shakes.
Boost, a shake made by Mead Johnson, is specifically marketed for people under 30. The availability of replacement shakes has risen, but consumers should be cautious, Henroid said. "1 don't necessarily view that as a good trend," he said. "Taking time to prepare a
balanced meal is a preferred option."
E x e r c i s e S e v e n. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Olestra, Proctor and Gamble's brand of the fat replacer olean, 1. _____ recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration.
Though not available in products currently 2. _____ the market and only appearing in test markets this fall, Olestra may 3. _____ the trend of the future. Without sacrificing taste, Olestra allows consumers to cut 4. _____ on fat and calories and satisfy their urge to
|
|
crunch 5. _____ the same time. Its additional fatty acids make Olestra 6. _____ large to be digested or absorbed, so instead, it passes directly 7. _____ the body. For example, a regular I-ounce bag 8. _____ chips containing 10 grams of fat and 150 calories would
9. _____ 0 grams of fat and only 70 calories with Olestra. Same taste. No guilt. Certainly there must 10. _____ a catch.
E x e r c i s e E i g h t. Read the text below, some sentences are correct and there is an extra word in some of them, find the mistakes.
1. More than 100 tests have been performed on Olestra in over the past 25 years.
2. In high quantities, consumers may be experience abdominal cramps or loose stools.
3. A decrease in the absorption of karotenoids and the fat soluble vitamins A, D, E and K from such other foods can also occur.
4. While Olestra may appear to be a quick solution, some might use it as another excuse to jump up on the fat-free bandwagon.
5. Olestra may eliminate fat grams, but consumers must remain on the lookout for so lingering calories.
6. Henroid sees bio-engineered foods as very prominent in the nutrition world of the future.
7. Among the pioneers of these foods is Monsanto, a national company is based in St. Louis.
8. That currently offers a so slow-ripening, cross-bred tomato.
9. Such advancements might encourage much consumers to increase their fruit and vegetable intake, Henroid said.
10. "They might make (fruits and vegetables) such more available," he said. 'Personally. I think the flavor is much better".
11. And where does this leave the health-conscious shopper?
12. Scrutinizing popular trends, decreasing overall fat consumption and eating a reasonable amount of food are very solid suggestions.
13. But the maze of food and nutrition fetishes won't become any more clearer in the future.
14. "We're all going to need to be better consumers", said Patti Lucin, NU co-director of health education.
T a s k F o u r. Read, translate and discuss the following article on the GM food.
The GM food controversy is a dispute over the advantages and disadvantages of genetically modified (GM) food crops. No documented health hazards have come to light since GM food was introduced in the U.S. (1994). Supporters of GM food argue that
close to 150 governmental and/or industry-financed studies, and at least 47 peer reviewed articles in scientific journals have been published to attest to theoretical claims of safety. Consumer rights groups, such as the Organic Consumers Association, and
Greenpeace respond by claiming the long term health risks which GM could pose, or that the risks of GM have not yet been adequately investigated.
Some scientists and economists express concern about the alleged harm delaying welfare and environmental improvements, for instance by provitamin A enriched Golden rice which is said to have the potential to prevent children from Vitamin A deficiency, and
|
|
insect protected, but rice which can potentially reduce exposure of farmers to synthetic insecticides.
Other scientists and studies, however, dispute such findings and argue that GM foods aren't tested to scientific standards before being released to the public.
Another controversy recently arose around biotech company Monsanto's data on a 90-Day Rat Feeding Study on the MON863 strain of GM corn. In May 2005, critics of GM foods pointed to differences in kidney size and blood composition found in this study,
suggesting that the observed differences raises questions about the regulatory concept of substantial equivalence.
The raising of this issue prompted the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to reexamine the safety data on this strain of corn. The EFSA concluded that the observed small numerical decrease in rat kidney weights were not biologically meaningful, and
the weights were well within the normal range of kidney weights for control animals. There were no corresponding microscopic findings in the relevant organ systems, and all blood chemistry and organ weight values fell within the "normal range of historical
control values" for rats. In addition the EFSA review found that the statistical methods used by Séralini et al in the analysis of the data were incorrect. The European Committee has approved the ΜΟΝ863 corn for animal and human consumption.
Séralini et al have now completed a similar analysis of the NK603 strain of corn and have come to similar conclusions as they did in their previously discredited study.
E x e r c i s e O n e. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Public perception
Research by the Pew Initiative on Food and Biotechnology 1. _____ shown that in 2005 Americans' knowledge of genetically modified foods and animals continues to remain low, and their opinions reflect that they 2. _____ particularly uncomfortable with
animal cloning. The Pew survey also showed that 3. _____ continuing concerns about GM foods, American consumers do not support banning new uses of the technology, but rather seek 4. _____ active role from regulators to ensure that new products 5. _____ safe.
Only 2 % of Britons are said to be "happy to eat GM foods", and more than half of Britons are against GM foods being available to the public, according 6. _____ a 2003 study. Interestingly, about 550 Amish farmers in Pennsylvania 7. _____ adopted GM crops,
because they allow for less intensive farming (fewer pesticides, etc.), are more productive (under most conditions), and do not conflict 8. _____ the Amish lifestyle.
|
|
Opponents of genetically modified food often refer 9. _____ it as "Frankenfood", after Mary Shelley's character Frankenstein and the monster he creates, in her novel of the same name. The term was coined 10. _____ 1992 by Paul Lewis, an English professor
at Boston College who used the word in a letter he wrote to the New York Times in response 11. _____ the decision of the US Food and Drug Administration to allow companies to market genetically modified food. The term "Frankenfood" has become a battle cry of the European side in the US-EU agricultural trade war.
E x e r c i s e T w o. Choose the appropriate word in the following sentences about food and drink.
1. He was so hungry he _____ his bowl of pasta in minutes.
А) sent B) horsed C) wolfed D) flung
2. I want to lose weight so I’ve decided to cut _____ cakes and biscuits.
А) up B) off C) short D) out
3. He was not at all hungry and just there _____ at his food.
A) picking B) pecking C) pointing D) licking
4. I’m not good at dieting – I eat sensibly all week but then _____ out on fast food at the weekend.
A) work B) pig C) rent D) eat
5. I was so thirsty I _____ back three glasses of water one after the other.
A) sent B) knocked C) dropped D) headed
6. Eat darling _____ or you’ll be late for school.
A) into B) in C) out D) up
E x e r c i s e T h r e e. Read the article below and answer the questions:
1. What are the tasks of The European Union funds research programmes?
2. When does a patent holder have a right to control the use of crops?
3. What is the essence of the technology "Terminator"?
4. What is "terminator" in this context?
5. What is the technology "traitor" intended to do?
6. What companies develop this technology?
7. What did the terminator gene technology create?
The European Union funds research programmes such as Co-Extra, that investigate options and technologies on the coexistence of GM and conventional farming. This also includes research on biological containment strategies and other measures, that prevent
outcrossing and enable the implementation of coexistence.
If patented genes are outcrossed, even accidentally, to other commercial fields and a person deliberately selects the outcrossed plants for subsequent planting then the patent holder has the right to control the use of those crops. This was supported in Canadian
law in the case of Monsanto Canada Inc. v. Schmeiser.
An often cited controversy is a hypothetical "Technology Protection" technology dubbed 'Terminator'. This yet-to-becommercialized technology would allow the production of first generation crops that would not generate seeds in the second generation because the plants yield sterile seeds. The patent for this so-called "terminator" gene technology is owned by Delta and Pine Land and the United States Department of Agriculture. Delta and Pine Land was bought by Monsanto in August 2006. Similarly, the hypothetical Trait-specific Genetic Use Restriction Technology, also known as 'Traitor' or 'T-gut', requires application of a chemical to genetically-modified crops to reactivate engineered traits. This technology is intended both to limit the spread of genetically engineered plants, and to require farmers to pay yearly to reactivate the genetically engineered traits of their crops. Traitor is under development by companies including Monsanto and AstraZeneca.
In addition to the commercial protection of proprietary technology in self-pollinating crops such as soybean (a generally contentious issue) another purpose of the terminator gene is to prevent the escape of genetically modified traits from crosspollinating crops into wild-type species by sterilizing any resultant hybrids. The terminator gene technology created a backlash amongst those who felt the technology would prevent re-use of seed by farmers growing such terminator varieties in the developing world and was ostensibly a means to exercise patent claims. Use of the terminator technology would also prevent "volunteers", or crops that grow from unharvested seed, a major concern that arose during the Starlink debacle. There are technologies evolving which contain the transgene by biological means and still can provide fertile seeds using fertility restorer functions. Such methods are being developed by several EU research programmes, among them Transcontainer and Co-Extra.
E x e r c i s e F o u r. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form.
Allergenicity
A gene for an allergenic trait (transfer) unintentionally from the Brazil nut into genetically engineered soybeans while intending to improve soybean nutritional quality for animal feed use. Brazil nuts already (know) to produce food allergies in certain people
prior to this study. In 1993 Pioneer Hi-Bred International (develop) a soybean variety with an added gene from the Brazil nut. This trait (increase) the levels in the GM soybean of the natural essential amino acid methionine, a protein building block commonly
added to poultry feed to improve effective protein quality. Investigation of the GM soybeans (reveal) that they produced immunological reactions with people suffering from Brazil nut allergy, and the explanation for this is that the methionine rich protein
chosen by Pioneer Hi-Bred (be) the major source of Brazil nut allergy. Pioneer Hi-Bred (discontinue) further development of the GM soybean and disposed of all material related to the modified soybeans.
This study (indicate) some of the possible risks of GM foods. In particular that there is no law or regulation in either the United States or Canada that required Pioneer Hi-Bred or any other company for testing for allergenicity or toxicity of GM foods prior to
them being licensed to be grown and consumed in their respected countries. Food allergy problems (occur) with many conventional foods, and Kiwi fruit, for instance, as a relatively new food in many communities, (become) widely eaten despite provoking allergies in certain individuals.
Another allergy issue (publish) in November 2005, when a pest resistant field pea developed by the Australian CSIRO for use as a pasture crop was shown to cause an allergic reaction in mice.
Respected plant scientist Maarten J. Chrispeels (make) interesting comments about this example that illustrate how foods offer many different types of risks.
The immunologist who (test) the pea noted that the episode (illustrate) the need for each new GM food to be very carefully evaluated for potential health effects.
E x e r c i s e Fi v e. Read the article and decide whether the statements are true or false.
1. GM crops are healthy both for people and animals.
2. GM crops kill weeds.
3. GM crops provide for food security and environment protection.
4. Growth of cities extinguishes farm land.
5. Consumer diets are against animal protein.
6. Global food security may be supported by genetic resources.
7. GM technologies will benefit developing countries.
Environmental and ecological impacts
There has been controversy over the results of a farm-scale trial in the United Kingdom comparing the impact of GM crops and conventional crops on farmland biodiversity. Some claimed that the results showed that GM crops had a significant negative impact on wildlife. Others pointed out that the studies showed that using herbicide resistant
GM crops allowed better weed control and that under such conditions there were fewer weeds and fewer weed seeds. This result was then extrapolated to suggest that
GM crops would have significant impact on the wildlife that might rely on farm weeds. In July 2005 the same British scientists showed that transfer of a herbicide-resistance gene from GM oilseed rape to a wild cousin, charlock, and wild turnips was possible.
Many agricultural scientists and food policy specialists view GM crops as an important element in sustainable food security and environmental management. This point of view is summarized in the ABIC Manifesto: ___________________.
On our planet, 18 % of the land mass is used for agricultural production. This fraction cannot be increased substantially. It is absolutely essential that the yield per unit of land increases beyond current levels given that: The human population is still growing,
and will reach about nine billion by 2040; 70,000 km² of agricultural land (equivalent to 60 % of the German agricultural area) are lost annually to growth of cities and other non-agricultural uses; Consumer diets in developing countries are increasingly changing
from plant-based proteins to animal protein, a trend that requires a greater amount of crop-based feeds. More skeptical scientists as
Dr. Charles Benbrook point out that improvement of global food security is hardly being addressed by genetic research and that a lack of yield is often not caused by insufficient genetic resources. Regarding the issues of intellectual property and patent law, an
international report from the year 2000 states: __________.
If the rights to these tools are strongly and universally enforced – and not extensively licensed or provided pro bono in the developing world – then the potential applications of GM technologies described previously are unlikely to benefit the less developed
nations of the world for a long time (i.e. until after the restrictions conveyed by these rights have expired).
UNIT 38
CHOCOLATE PRODUCTION
This unit aims to present and practise English as it is used both in the explanation of modern everyday machines and the processes they carry out. It also covers describing the operations needed to get machines to work ad to show others how to undertake certain business operations.
E x e r c i s e O n e. Choose the best phrase from the given below to fill each of the gaps.
A. A second link with the Chelsea garden;
B. Today, when almost every pleasure;
C. Casanova was said to find chocolate;
D. To understand why an exhibition;
E. When the brown chocolate bean;
F. Like other mysteriously alluring substances;
G. In 1687 young Sloane.
History of chocolate
Healthy calories
1. _____ on the history of chocolate is being held in the unlikely venue of the Chelsea Physic Garden in London, you need to bear in mind the 17th century approach to medicine. It was almost the reverse of current practice. Today vast sums are poured into formulating treatments for old and new diseases. Three hundred years ago, as European explorers came back from distant lands bearing fragrant and exotic substances; the aim of medical entrepreneurs was to identify ailments for which these strange imports could plausibly be touted as a cure.
2. _____ was introduced into Britain from Mexico and the American colonies it was at first made into a drink, with supposed – if ill-defined –medicinal qualities. The self-indulgent chocolate bar came later; the after-dinner mint later still.
3. _____ is that Sir Hans Sloane, its chief early benefactor, was a pioneer chocolate fancier, credited with dreaming up the idea of mixing the powdered bean with milk. Sloane was a towering figure in Georgian London, a driving force behind
the establishment of the British Museum as well as a landowner whose name lives on in some of the capital's most fashionable streets and squares. Less appreciated is his contribution to the development of a national addiction: the average Briton chomps through 8 kg (nearly 18lb) of chocolate a year, consumption exceeded only by the Swiss.
4. _____ sailed to Jamaica to become physician to the colonial governor, and noticed that the local women administered chocolate to their sick children. Returning to London two years later, he experimented with his milk recipe and, having perfected it, sold it to a Soho grocer, whose successors sold it on to Cadbury's.
5. _____, chocolate has from time to time been regarded as an aphrodisiac. Montezuma, the early 16th century Aztec ruler, was reputed to consume up to 50 cups a day before repairing to his harem. His conqueror, Hernando Cortes, asserted in 1528 that a single cup enabled a warrior to go all day without food.
6. _____ more effective for his purposes than champagne; and cheaper to boot. Brillat-Savarin, a 19th century gourmet, also recommended it as a stimulant. In Britain, though, it is often taken as a soothing bedtime drink, an aid to slumber rather than seduction – suggesting that its effects may be as much imagined as real. A prolific 17th century letter-writer, Madame de Sévigné, complained that it once provoked a 16-hour attack of colic and constipation, but she learned to love it in the end.
7. _____ is identified as addictive, a name has been coined for those unfortunates who cannot get enough of the stuff: chocoholics. One victim of the condition may have been Katharine Hepburn, who boasted of eating a pound of chocolates a day but kept her sylph-like figure to her death. Not everybody's metabolism is so benign. Because of its fat and sugar content, chocolate is usually an enemy of slender elegance. Hence the guilt invariably associated with the dark, melting temptress–and hence the ambivalent title of the exhibition that runs at the Chelsea Physic Garden until September 7th: "Vice
or Virtue?"
T a s k T w o. Read the description of the latest production developments. Highlight the expressions which are used to describe the new plant in a positive way.
E x e r c i s e O n e. Read the article below and write one word to fill the gap.
Cadbury and New Technology
Cadbury operate three chocolate factories in the UK. Two are at Bournville producing chocolate bars and chocolate assortments; 1. _____ other, the Somerdale factory, produces bars such 2. _____ Double Decker, Crunchie and Fry's Turkish Delight which are known as 'countlines'.
The modernization programme at Bournville, begun in 1980, 3. _____ involved the rationalization of production. This consisted 4. _____ bringing together individual product processing, 5. _____ the one hand, and the most modern processing and control technology, 6. _____ the other. The specialist machinery comes from Britain and abroad and 7. _____ number of these machines have 8. _____ produced to Cadbury's own design and specification.
The new plants operate 24 hours a day producing Cadbury products 9. _____ the highest standards of quality control.
The new Wispa plant produces 1,680 bars per minute with such precision that the size of the tiny air bubbles in the chocolate 10. _____ controlled. The Creme Egg plant will produce 300 million eggs a year at the rate of 1,100 per minute, and has the
capacity to produce 370 million. 11. _____ comparison the machinery which it replaced was capable 12. _____ producing only 257 million eggs annually.
Each week the Bournville site alone produces 1,500 tonnes of chocolate – 1.6 million bars of various kinds plus 50 million Hazelnut Whirls, Almond Clusters and other individual chocolates.
E x e r c i s e T w o. Mark whether the statements below are true or false:
1. The Bournville produces the countlines.
2. The specialist machinery is produced by Cadbury.
3. The size of air bubbles in the chocolate is precisely controlled.
4. The old machinery could only produce 257 million eggs annually.
5. Chocolates ae no longer individually packed.
6. Individual microprocessors control temperature changes.
7. The packing systems check the weight of the additional ingredients.
E x e r c i s e T h r e e. Read the article below, there is an extra word in every sentence, find the mistakes.
1. Before the automation programme, manufacture was a series of operations individually supervised by at separate control points.
2. Now one person does supervises the whole operation from a control room full of computer terminals and TV screens.
3. In the new Wispa plant, individual microprocessors monitor temperature at about 1,000 different points and information is fed up into the central computers that can deal with some 360,000 instructions per minute.
4. A major revolution was has been the automation of the packing systems.
5. Where previously chocolates were individually placed out by hand in the boxes, machines now do this.
6. New high speed chocolate bar packing plants have been introduced which are capable of making and wrapping 800 chocolate bars a minute and considerably more than of the treat size bars.
7. These variable high speed systems will be check the weight and where chocolate is produced with added fruit and nuts will also check for even distribution of these additional ingredients.
8. The automation programme means that a dozen of individual manufacturing plants will have replaced 37 old plants.
E x e r c i s e Fo u r. Look at the statements below and at the reviews of a few businesses. Which review (A, B, C, D, E, F)
Does each statement 1 – 9 refer to? You will need to use some of these letters more than once.
1. The company didn’t want to have branded chocolate products in stock.
2. The company is going to utilize innovative equipment.
3. The project of the new plant will benefit the public.
4. The company ignores its customers’ health risks.
5. The company provides a set of services for finished products.
6. A new definition of confectionary products is approved of by this company.
7. The company products may be displayed at the exhibition.
8. The lawsuit is in store for the company.
9. The company chose a new place in California.