AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA
1. Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на произношение дифтон гов [au], [au].
cow fowl
output amount
plough drought
loam sow
potato grow
coal oats
2. Прочитайте слова, сравнивая звуки [э], [о:], [э:] и дифтонг^]. [э:] - [о] - [эи] [э:] - [эи]
sport - spot - spoke burn - bone
torn - top - tone turn - tone
corn - crop - cope fur - phone
3.Прочитайте слова, обращая внимание на произношение дифтонгов [ia], [ea], [ua].
| [ia] | [ea] | [ua] | [ia], [ea] | или [ua] |
| near | compare | sure | hair | career |
| theory | square | during | hear | rare |
| here | parents | pure | prepare | severe |
| engineer | various | tourist | theatre | cruel |
| museum | dairy | poor | deer | bear |
4. Изучите материал по словообразованю и выолните следующие упражнения:
- Прилагательные со значением принадлежности к национальности или стране образуются при помощи суффиксов -an (-ian), -ish, -ese. Belarus - Belarusian England - English China - Chinese
Примечание: France - French, Greece - Greek.
Закончите предложения по образцу.
e.g. The Belarusians live in Belarus.
1. The Russians live in....
2. The Ukrainians live in....
3. The Irish live in..
4. The Welsh live in....
5. The Hungarians live in....
6. The Japanese live in....
7. The Greeks live in....
8. The Brazilians live in....
9. The Swedes live in....
10. The Norwegians live in....
- Назовите национальность людей, которые живут в этих странах.
Belarus, Italy, America, England, Spain, Canada, Germany, Poland, Australia, France, Latvia, Bulgaria, Turkey, Finland, China
5. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
From the XIX century Russia was a leader in the agriculture sector on the world market. However the productivity of agriculture technologies and agriculture techniques was quite low, the peasant households supplied the main part of the grains on the world’s market. In 1895 there were over 26.6 million horses and 31.6 millions of livestock.
From 1917 Lenin introduced a new agriculture policy. The policy of implementing collective farms- state farms (sovhoz) and collective farms (kolhoz). The main aim was to reconstruct the socialist agriculture policy. In the result of collectivization and development of collective farms, the number of small farms was decreasing.
In the period of Stalin’s governing, the exploitation of peasantry increased. Instead of giving the salary to the peasants the government imposed “workdays”. This gave to peasant an amount of products, but it was less than the minimum of subsistence. Other part of produced goods came to the government. So in order to survive, the kolkhoz member used to work on his own farm, besides the work on the collective farm.
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However a lot of people started to leave their farms and moved to the city, in order to find a work. So the government implemented a new restriction: the member of the kolkhoz used to give his passport in order to stay on the collective farm and not to leave it.
Moreover started a new campaign directed against dispossession of kulaks. The peasants who were repressed composed a free work force, which was used in the interest of industrialization. So that sooner the farming and relations in the market were annihilated.
In the epoch of Khrushiev’s governing the growth of agriculture started to develop due to the mastering of virgin lands. The members of collective farms (kolhozniki) had a stimulus to work, because of the increasing of their salary. The government decided to sell the agriculture equipment to collective farms, although it wasn’t allowed before to sell agriculture technologies to collective farmers.
In 1957 Khrushiev decided to apply American agriculture tendency –to grow the corn. The sown areas of crops were gigantic, up to the Archangelsk territories. However in comparison with America, the results were poor. That experiment failed, and lead to the decline of average productivity and the rise in costs of produced grains on these territories. The agriculture was on the verge of crisis. The policy of Khrusiev brought losses to the agriculture in Russia.
In the beginning of 70s Russia became one of the main importers of grain. In the 90s instead of importing the forages, Russia started to import finished livestock products, because Russian livestock wasn’t as competitive, as crop sector. Moreover the import of meat, and especially chicken became too big.
In the period of 1991-1997 the social structure of agriculture landowners has changed in the result of denationalization. The share of the government in agriculture sector has decreased from 56% in 1991 to 13.4% in 1997, while the share of private ownership in agriculture sector has increased from 40.3% to 70.9%.
6. Study the words and make sentences with those underlined.
world market.
Productivit y
peasant households
grains
livestock
policy of implementing
amount of products
less than the minimum of subsistence
government implemented
new restriction
campaign
directed against dispossession of kulaks.
composed a free work force
relations were annihilated
the mastering of virgin lands
the increasing of their salary
sown areas of crops
the decline of average productivity
finished livestock products
the result of denationalization
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Мировой рынок.
производительность
крестьянских дворов
зерно
скот
политика реализации
количество продуктов,
меньше, чем прожиточный минимум
правительство осуществило
новое ограничение
кампания
направлены против раскулачивания.
бесплатная рабочая сила
отношения были уничтожены
освоение целинных земель
повышение их заработной платы
Посевные площади сельскохозяйственных культур
Снижение средней производительности
готовая продукция животноводства
Результат денационализации
7. Read the following alternative questions with correct intonation.
1. Will you have some juice or mineral water?
2. Is it the wrong size or the wrong colour?
3. Can she play the piano or the violin?
4. How do you like your tea, Lena, strong or weak?
5. Shall we go to the pictures tonight or shall we stay in and watch TV?
6. Would you like a book by Ch. Dickens or would you prefer modern
writers?
8. Translate the following words paying attention to 1) the suffixes, 2) the prefixes.
1. Origin, original, to originate;
2. Effect, effective, effectively;
3. To locate, local, location;
4. To represent, representative, representation;
5. Common, commonly; to compose, component, composition;
6. To differ, different, difference;
7. Unoffi cial, unequal, unbalanced, independent, incomplete, immobile, immaterial, illogical.
9. Form the adverbs from the adjectives with the help of the suffix -ly.
Main, particular, practical, gradual, technological, traditional, industrial, wide, exact, fi nal, constant, large, great, profi table, primary, near, different, total.
10. Guess the meaning of the English words by analogy with the Russian ones.
Industry, effi cient, to base, technology, total, hectare, to vary, product, farm, type, structure, fruit, modern, machine, tractor, combine, to import, private, traditional.
11. Skim through the text and find the sentences containing the main idea(s) of it.
UNIT 17