1. Раскройте скобки, выбирая требующуюся форму глагола.
1. The porter will (bring, be brought) your luggage to your room. 2. Your luggage will (bring, be brought) up in the lift. 3. You may (leave, be left) your hat and coat in the cloak-room downstairs. 4. They can (leave, be left) the key with the clerk downstairs. 5. From the station they will (take, be taken) straight to the hotel. 6. Tomorrow he will (take, be taken) them to the Russian Museum. 7. At the station they will (meet, be met) by a man from the travel bureau. 8. She will (meet, be met) them in the hall upstairs.
2. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
E,g. Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by Mother)
1. A marble pavilion protects the house. 2. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 3. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 4. Her daughters gave her three beautiful dishes as a birthday present. 5. Tom gave Nick a book for his birthday. 6. Our mother tells us stories every evening. 7. Lydia will show you a new book of pictures. 8. A boy showed her the way. 9. They will send us a box of fruit. 10. Five or six small children followed them. 11. In summer the boys often drive the horses to the fields. 12. Ivan Susanin led the Poles into the thickest part of the forest. 13. The waves carried the boat away. 14. We shall do the translation in the evening. 15. They water the flowers regularly. 16. You promised me these books long ago. 17. Bessie's father gave her a complete set of Walter Scott's works. 18. Irene's husband brought her some beautiful shells from the south. 19. The explorers gave the newspaper reporters a long interview. 20. Mr. Wilson will teach you English. 21. The doctor ordered me a month's rest from studying.
3. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. She took a long time to write the composition, but at last she wrote it. 2. Don't put the cup there: somebody will break it. 3. Why weren't you at the birthday party? — They didn't invite me. 4. We met many difficulties, but all the same we finished the work in time. 5. We shall leave you behind if you are not quick. 6. I spent all my money on books last month. 7. I don't think we shall do all this work today: there is too much of it. 8. It's a very funny thing that when I start doing this, somebody always stops me. 9. Don't leave these sweets on the table: somebody will eat them. 10. The elephant broke the branch of the tree. 11. The bees attacked the bear when it tried to take their honey.
4. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.
1. At the last competition the first prize (to win) by our team. 2. The question (to settle) as soon as they arrived. 3. Your report must (to divide) into two chapters. 4. Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium. 5. The book (to discuss) at the next conference. 6. The composition must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 7. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 8. The article (to publish) last week, if I am not mistaken. 9. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 10. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago, so we are expecting it any moment. 11 The young man (to introduce) to me only a couple of hours ago, but it seems to me that I've known him for years. 12. The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (to understand) by all of us. 13. The poem was so beautiful that it (to learn) by everybody. 14. I hope the invitation (to accept) by everybody 15. The letter (to post) in half an hour. 16. It seems to me that music (to hear) from the next room. 17. Nobody (to see) him yesterday. 18. The telegram (to receive) tomorrow. 19. He (to give) me this book next week. 20. The answer to this question can (to find) in the encyclopedia. 21. We (to snow) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation. 22. You can (to find) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book.
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5. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. I bought potatoes yesterday. 2. We shall bring the books tomorrow. 3. They are repairing the clock now. 4. They sell milk in this shop. 5. I have translated the whole text. 6. They broke the window last week. 7. When I came home, they had eaten the sweets. 8. We shall do the work in the evening. 9. He wrote this book in the 19th century. 10. They were playing tennis from four till five. 11. He stole a lot of money from the shop. 12. By six o'clock they had finished the work. 13. At twelve o'clock the workers were loading the trucks. 14. By three o'clock the workers had loaded the trucks. 15. We send our daughter to rest in the south every year. 16. They will show this film on TV. 17. They are building a new concert-hall in our street. 18. They have made a number of important experiments in this laboratory. 19. Livingstone explored Central Africa in the 19th century. 20. By the middle of autumn we had planted all the trees. 21. They will stage this play at the beginning of next season. 22. They have forgotten the story. 23. Has anybody explained the rules of the game to you? 24. They haven't brought back my skates.
6. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. We asked him about his holidays. 2. They have already discussed the novel. 3. He did not give me his address. 4. She showed him the way to the metro station. 5. He will introduce me to his friends 6. They are building a bridge over the river. 7. I haven't yet translated the article. 8. We were looking at the man with great surprise. 9. You will speak about the film at the lesson. 10. The headmistress sent for the pupil's parents. 11. Has the secretary typed the letters? — No, she is typing them now. 12. He will give my brother English lessons. 13. A friend of his has shown mean interesting magazine. 14. His friend told him everything. 15. They showed Helen the nearest way to the theatre. 16. He gave his patient some good advice. 17. Mary has told me the news. 18. The people looked at the little boy with interest. 19. They examined the paper attentively.
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7. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. We turn on the light when it is dark. 2. The students finished their translation in time. 3. Helen washed the dishes. 4. Betty often took her younger brother for a walk. 5. Mother has made some coffee. 6. Have you ironed your dress yet? 7. Nina mispronounced this word. 8. They have told her the truth. 9. She promised us an interesting entertainment. 10. One uses chalk for writing on the blackboard. 11. I shall finish my work about seven o'clock. 12. Somebody has opened the door. 13. The waitress brought in the coffee. 14. One of my friends took me to the cinema last week. 15. We shall finish this work in time. 16. They built this house in 1960. 17. They were selling new children's books in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 18. A large group of young people joined us on our way to the station. 19. A young teacher started a school in this village. 20. They are translating this article now. 21. Galsworthy wrote "The Forsyte Saga." 21. Thousands of people attended this meeting. 22. He has just interrupted me. 23. The teacher has explained it to us.
8. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. They did not invite her to the party. 2. I did not leave the window open. 3. They did not turn off the light. 4. I have invited some friends to tea. 5. She has given me an English book. 6. Have you written the letter yet? 7. They have told us a lot of interesting things. 8. The students have written the test-paper without mistakes. 9. The children have scattered about a lot of things. 10. The girl has put all the books into the bookcase. 11. Snow will cover the fields in winter. 12. They will hand in the homework tomorrow. 13. I don't think we shall finish all the preparations today. 14. She always invites me to her dinner parties. 15. She showed me the dress which her daughter had made. 16. We discussed the matter some days ago. 17. Someone wants you on the phone. 18. She found my book on the window-sill. 19. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 20. Have you given the exercises to all the students? 21. The boy was angry because his mother did not allow him to go to the stadium. 22. Why have you put my books on this table?
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9. Передайте следующие предложения в Passive Voice.
1. We received this letter after his departure. 2. Have dogs ever attacked you? 3. Bees gather honey from flowers. 4. The storm drove the ship against a rock. 5. Who discovered the circulation of blood? 6. They are selling delicious fruit ice-cream there now. 7. The old man showed us the way out of the wood. 8. They offered her some interesting work. 9. The doctor prescribed her new medicine. 10. They often speak about him. 11. Everybody laughed at this funny animal. 12. We have been looking for you the whole morning. 13. We shall insist on strict discipline. 14. They teach three foreign languages at this school.
10. Передайте следующие предложения в Active Voice.
1. The light has not yet been turned off. 2. The boy was punished for misbehaving. 3. By three o'clock everything had been prepared. 4. The dictation was written without mistakes. 5. Whom was the poem written by? 6. Her dress was washed and ironed. 7. I was not blamed for the mistakes. 8. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the next lesson. 9. This house was built last year. 10. The letter has just been sent. 11. This article will be translated at the lesson on Tuesday. 12. When will this book be returned to the library? 13. The room was cleaned and aired. 14. Have all these books been read? 15. Whom were these letters written by? 16. The letter has just been typed. 17. She showed me the picture which had been painted by her husband. 18.1 shall not be allowed to go there. 19. He has been told everything, so he knows what to do now. 20. All the questions must be answered. 21. The door has been left open. 22. Betty was met at the station. 23. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert. 24. She said that the new time-table had not yet been hung up on the notice-board. 25. The chicken was eaten with appetite. 26. It was so dark, that the houses could not be seen.
11. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice.
1. I am sure I (to ask) at the lesson tomorrow. 2. They told me that the new student (to speak) much about. 3. The hostess said that one more guest (to expect). 4. The newspaper said that an interesting exhibition (to open) in the Hermitage the next week. 5. This new dictionary (to sell) everywhere now. 6. All the texts (to look) through yesterday and not a single mistake (to find). 7. Two reports on Hemingway's stories (to make) in our group last month. Both of them were very interesting. 8. He said that Grandmother's letter (to receive) the day before. 9. Two new engineers just (to introduce) to the head of the department. L0. Don't worry, everything will be all right: the children (to take) to the theatre by the teacher and they (to bring) back to school in the evening.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
CAN(COULD), MAY (MIGHT), MUST, OUGHT, SHALL (SHOULD), WILL (WOULD)
CAN – возможность что-нибудь сделать (могу, умею)
I can play the piano. (умею) I cannot swim. (не умею)
He can answer the question. (может) He cannot understand. (не может)
Can you sing? (умеете?) Can you help me? (можете?)
I could not ski when I was little. (не умел) She could not jump so high. (не могла)
В вопросительных предложениях CAN может выражать недоумение (неужели?)
Can she have spent all the money? - Неужели она истратила все деньги?
TO BE ABLE TO – эквивалент глагола CAN.
He is able to do it. (может, в состоянии) He was able to do it. (мог)
He has been able to swim since childhood. (умеет с детства)
MAY – разрешение (можно).
You may take my pen. (можете) You may not touch it. (нельзя) May I came in? (можно?)
В косвенной речи: Mother said that I might play. (сказала, что можно)
Предположение - может быть: It may rain soon. (может быть, пойдет дождь)
Take care; you may fall. (можешь упасть)
TO BE ALLOWED TO - Эквивалент глагола MAY
We are allowed to stay at home. (нам разрешают)
MUST – долженствование.
You must respect your parents. (должны) You must not go there. (нельзя)
Must I learn it by heart? (должен?)
Предположение – должно быть: It must be cold outside. (должно быть)
He must have gone. – Он, должно быть, ушел.
TO HAVE TO - эквивалент глагола MUST
I have to go there. (надо) I don’t have to go there. (не надо) Do you have to go there? (надо?)
He had to go – Ему пришлось уйти.
TO HAVE TO (вынужденная необходимость) – TO BE TO (необходимость по договоренности, плану или приказу)
I have to go there. (вынужден)
I am to visit them. (должен так как договорились или из-за расписания)
NEED NOT - отсутствие необходимости (можно не …)
Need…? - надо …? You need not do it. (можете не делать) Need I do it? (надо?)
Ты не можешь делать это. – You cannot do it.
Ты можешь этого не делать. – You need not do it.
Запомните: You need not have done it. - могли и не делать (а сделали)
SHOULD – следовало бы
You should work more seriously. – Вам следовало бы работать серьезнее.
You should have done it. (следовало сделать, а вы не сделали)
You should not have done it. (не следовало делать, а вы сделали)
1. Переведите на русский язык.
1.Mike can run very fast. 2. They can understand French. 3. Kate can speak Elnglish well. 4. My brother can come and help you in the garden. 5. Can you speak Spanish? 6. Can your brother help me with mathematics? 7. His little sister can walk already. 8. The children cannot carry this box: it is too heavy. 9. My friend cannot come in time. 10. This old woman cannot sleep at night. 11. His sister can cook very well. 12. I can sing, but I cannot dance.
2. Переведите на русский язык.
1.May Igo to the post-office with Mike? 2. May I take Pete's bag? 3. Don't give the vase to the child: he may break it. 4. May we take notes with a pencil? 5. You may not cross the street when the light is red. 6. May I shut the door? 7. May I invite Nick to our house? 8. You may go now. 9. If you have done your homework, you may go for a walk. 10. Don't go to the wood alone: you may lose your way. 11. It stopped raining, and mother told us that we might go out. 12. May children play with scissors?
3. Вставьте модальный глагол may (might) или выражение to be allowed to.
1.... Ibring my sister to the party? 2. He asked if he... bring his sister to the party. 3. After they had finished their homework, the children... watch TV. 4. He... join the sports section as soon as he is through with his medical examination. 5. Becky's mother said that everybody... take part in the picnic. 6. He... go home if he likes. 7. As soon as the boy... leave the room, he smiled a happy smile and ran out to join his friends outside. 8. The doctor says I am much better. I... get up fora few hours every day.
4. Вставьте модальные глаголы may или can.
1. I... finish the work tomorrow if no one bothers me any more. 2.... we come and see you next Sunday at three o'clock in the afternoon? 3. What time is it? — It... be about six o'clock, but I am not sure. 4. Only a person who knows the language very well... answer such a question. 5.... I come in? 6. Let me look at your exercises. I... be able to help you. 7. I... not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water. But this year he says I... stay in for fifteen minutes if I Iike9 so I am going to learn to swim. 8. Libraries are quite free, and any one who likes... get books there. 9.I… come and see you tomorrow if I have time. 10. Take your raincoat with you: it... rain today. 11. Do you think you... do that? 12. You... come in when you have taken off your boots. 13. Be careful: you... spill the milk if you carry it like that. 14. Most children... slide on the ice very well. 15. I don't think I... be here by eleven o'clock tomorrow, but I... be. 16.... you see anything in this inky darkness? 17. You... go when you have finished your compositions. 18. What shall we do if the train is late? It... be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we've had. 19. When... you come and see me? — Let me see: I... not come tomorrow, for I must be at the meeting, but on Sunday I'll find time. Yes, you... expect me on Sunday about three o'clock. Will that be all right?
5. Вставьте модальные глаголы may (might) или can (could).
1.... I use your pen? 2.... I find a pen on that table? 8. You... read this book: you know the language well enough. 4. You... take this book: I don't need it. 5.... I help you? 6.... I ask you to help me? 7.... you help me? 8. I... not imagine her speaking in public: I knew that she was so shy. 9. Something was wrong with the car: he... not start it. 10. A fool... ask more questions than a wise man... answer. 11. She asked me if she... use my telephone. 12. The school was silent: nothing... be heard in the long dark corridors. 13. Waiting... be endless, you know. 14.... you tell me the nearest way to the city museum? 15. They... think that I am too weak to take part in the excursion, but I am strong enough to do any kind of hard work, indeed. 16. He knew this period of history very well: he had read everything on the subject he... find in the rich university library.
6. Переведите на русский язык.
1. I had to do a lot of homework yesterday. 2. She had to stay at home because she did not feel well. 3. Pete had to stay at home because it was very cold. 4. Mike had to write this exercise at school because he had not done it at home. 5. They had to call the doctor because the grandmother was ill. 6. Why did you have to stay at home yesterday? — Because my parents were not at home and I had to look after my little sister. 7. I have not written the composition. I shall have to write it on Sunday. 8. We did not have to buy biscuits because granny had baked a delicious pie. 9. Will you have to get up early tomorrow?
7. Перепишите следующие предложения в прошедшем времени.
1 It is already twenty minutes past eight. You must go or you will be late for the first lesson. 2. I am very tired. I feel I must go to bed at once, or I shall fall asleep where I am sitting. 3. We can't wait for them any longer, we must ring them up and find out what has happened. 4. I am thinking hard, trying to find a solution of the problem. There must be a way out. 5. It is quite clear to everybody in the family that he must start getting ready for his examination instead of wasting time. 6. It is impossible to do anything in such a short time. I must ask the chief to put off my report. 7. I don't mean that you must do everything they tell you.
8. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Iwas to wait for her at the railway station. 2. We were to go to the cinema that afternoon. 3. They were to start on Monday. 4. He was to telephone the moment she was out of danger. 5. Roses were to be planted round the pond. 6. There was to be a discussion later on. 7. We were to get there before the others. 8. He was to tell her where to find us. 9. She was to graduate that year. 10. She was to wear that dress at the graduation party. 11. He is to come here at five o'clock. 12. The train was to leave at five-fifteen.
9. Перефразируйте предложения, употребляя модальный глагол to be to.
E.g. 1) The lecture is supposed to begin at eight. The lecture is to begin at eight.
2) I expect her to come and help. She is to come and help.
3) It was planned that we should wait for them at the door. We were to wait for them at the door.
4) It was arranged that he should meet her at the station. He was to meet her at the station.
5) Who will take care of the children? Who is to take care of the children?
1. What am I supposed to do if they come too early? 2 It was arranged that the youngest children would play on the beach. 3. We expect you to show the place to her. 4. I am expected to leave tomorrow at the latest. 5. Where am I supposed to be taken? 6. This is Dora. It is arranged that she will share the room with you. 7 And who will do the cooking? 8. It is expected that two more apartment houses will be built here. 9. It was arranged that the clip final would be played that afternoon. 10. Who will meet you at the station?
10. Вставьте модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.
1. She... to send telegram because it was too late to send a letter. 2 They decided that she... to send them a telegram every tenth day. 3. You... to learn all the new words for the next lesson. 4. Do you know this man? He... to be our new teacher of history. 5. Who... to go to the library to get the new books? - I was, but I couldn't because I... to finish some work at the phonetics laboratory. 6, It is raining. You... to put on your raincoat. 7. "The patient... to stay in bed for j few days," ordered the doctor. 8. The child had stomach trouble and... to take castor oil. 9. I told her she... to open the window for a while every day. 10. The agreement was that if Johnny White could not repay the money he had borrowed, then Luke Flint... to have the right to sell the lands. 11. If I don't ring up before six o'clock, then you... to go to the concert hall alone and wait for me at the entrance. Is that clear? 12. The planters.... to gather their cotton at once, as they had been warned that heavy rains were expected. 13. I... to wear glasses as my eyesight is very weak. 14. Johnny White... to borrow from Luke Flint at a high interest, for there was no one else in the district who lent money. 15. "Cheating is a very nasty thing," said the teacher, "and we... to get rid of it."
11. Вставьте модальные глаголы to have to или to be to.
1. Where... the lecture to take place? — I suppose in the assembly hall. 2. So, our plan is as" follows: I... to go to the library and bring the books. You... to look through all the material here. Later we... to work together. 3. "You... to do it alone, without anybody's help," she said sternly., 4. I... to help my friends with this work now, so I cannot go with you. 5. It was raining hard and we... to wait until it stopped raining. 6. I... to ask him about it tomorrow, as today he has already gone. 7. Why didn't you tell me that I... to buy the books? 8. According to the order of the schoolmistress all the pupils... to return the library books before the twenty-third of May. 9. As we had agreed before, we... to meet at two o'clock to go to the stadium together. But Mike did not come. I waited for another half-hour, but then I... to leave as I was afraid to be late. 10. The meeting... to begin at five o'clock. Don't be late.
12. Переведите на русский язык.
1. My sister cannot write this letter: she is very busy. 2. My sister need not write this letter: I shall phone them. 3. She cannot buy bread. 4. She need not buy bread. 5. You cannot read so many books. 6. You need not read so many books. 7. Nick cannot go to school today. 8. Nick need not go to school today. 9. They cannot translate this article. 10. They need not translate this article. 11. They could not write the composition. 12. They need not have written the composition. 13. I could not go to the library.
14. I need not have gone to the library. 15. He could not stay there for the night. 16. He need not have stayed there for the night. 17. We could not do all this work. 18. We need not have done all this work. 19. She could not cook such a big dinner. 20. She need not have cooked such a big dinner.
13. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол need.
E.g. 1) It is not necessary to go there. You need not go there.
2) It was not necessary to go there. You need not have gone there.
1. There was no necessity for her to do it herself. 2. There is no reason for you to worry: he is as strong as a horse. 3. There is no need for you to be present. 4. Is it any use our going into all that now? 5. Why did you mention all these figures? The situation was clear as it was. 6. Why do you want to press the skirt? It is not creased at all. 7. It was not necessary for you to remind me about her birthday. I remember the date very well. 8. Why do you want to do it all today? 9. It was not necessary for mother to cook this enormous dinner: we have brought all the food the children may want. 10. It is not necessary to take the six-thirty. A later train will do as well.
14. Вставьте модальные глаголы may, must, need.
1.... we hand in our compositions tomorrow? — No, you... not, you... hand them in after Sunday. 2.... John really do this today? — No, he... not, he... do it tomorrow if he likes. 3. You... not let this cup fall: it... break. 4.... I help you with your coat on? 5.... I take this book for a little while? — I am sorry, but I... return it to the library at once. 6. Alec... practise this sound specially, but the other pupils... not: they all pronounce it properly. 7. They... come at any time they like between ten and twelve in the morning, but they... not come if they don't want to. 8.... I go there right now? — Yes, you.... 9. I... not go out today: it is too cold. 10.... I take your pen? — Yes, please. 11. We... not carry the bookcase upstairs: it is too heavy. 12. We... not carry the bookcase upstairs ourselves: the workers will come and do it. 13. When... you come to see us? — I... come only on Sunday. 14. Shall I write a letter to him? — No, you... not, it is not necessary. 15.... you cut something without a knife? 16. Peter... return the book to the library. We all want to read it. 17. Why... not you understand it? It is so easy. 18.... we do the exercise at once? — Yes, you... do it at once. 19.... you pronounce this sound? 20. You... not have bought this meat: we have everything for dinner.
15. Переведите на русский язык.
1. Children may borrow books from the school library. 2. I may show him your reports later. I don't know. 3. Your hair is getting rather thin, sir, may I advise to change your parting1? 4. Mother, may I have a glass of light beer? 5. I may have wrecked my own life, but I will not let you wreck yours. 6. Justice may be slow, mother, but it comes in the end. 7. He may have written the letter, but the signature is certainly not his. 8. It might have been worse. 9. May I come and see you some day? 10. We asked the teacher if we might use dictionaries.
16. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол may.
E.g. Possibly you left your book behind. You may have left your book behind.
1. Perhaps you left your umbrella in the bus. 2. Perhaps he went to the cafe to wait for us. 3. Perhaps it was Helen who rang you up. 4. Perhaps they came by plane. 5. Perhaps she had a very good English teacher. 6. Perhaps it was too cold for the children to go out. 7. It is possible that he took his children to the zoo. 8. Possibly they did not see us in the crowd. 9. Perhaps Robert used a dictionary. 10. Possibly Mary misunderstood you. 11. Perhaps Henry waited for us there. 12. Possibly Ann returned very late last night. 13. Possibly they have seen the new play. 14. Perhaps Nick has left his exercise-book at home.
17. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол may.
1. Perhaps he is at home, but I am not sure he is. 2. It is possible that we studied at the same school, but I don't remember her. 3. Perhaps she was proud of her knowledge, but she never showed it to her classmates. 4. Perhaps there was a chance for him to win the match. 5. Perhaps Peter was as capable as the old workers, but he was given no chance to show his skill. 6. It is possible that your brother has never heard about this singer. 7. Perhaps she tried to enter the university, but failed. 8. It is possible that you asked the wrong people, that's why you didn't get the right answer. 9. Perhaps our friends will arrive here tomorrow. 10. Perhaps they will come home very soon: be ready, 11. Perhaps the question was too difficult for her. 12. Try this delicious drink: perhaps you will like it. 13. Why didn't Nick ring us up? — It is possible that he forgot about it.
18. Вставьте модальный глагол may или might, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.
1.... I (to ask) you to take off your hat? 2. She asked me if she... (to turn) on the light. 3. I am afraid it... (not to stop) raining by the morning. 4. Don't scold her: the task... (to be) too difficult for her, that's why she made rather many mistakes. 5. If they don't miss the train, they... (to arrive) in time. 6. Why isn't he here yet? What has happened? — Oh, he... (to miss) the train. 7. He... (to do) very hard work. That's why he looks so tired now.
19. Переведите на русский язык.
1. You must be a fool to think so. 2. The work must have been carried out in secret for quite a long time. 3. The question must be solved before we begin doing anything. 4. Mind, you mustn't spend all the money. 5. You must take a taxi if you want to catch that train. 6. You must tell your mother about it. 7. But she must have seen him! 8. Oh, John, think how she must be suffering! 9. Is she waiting? She must have been waiting for an hour. 10. "Oh, Auntie," he answered, "you mustn't talk like that." 11. And remember, you must come and see the baby as soon as you can. 12. You must go home now, Georgie.
13. She can't come tomorrow because they will be working the whole day. 14. I simply could not refuse: they would have been hurt. 15. He was not old. He couldn't have been more than forty. 16. Could you leave the boy here for half an hour? I want him to help me. 17. "Oh!" she cried in surprise, "it's impossible! You can't have done it!" 18. The island can be reached by boat or even on foot when the tide is low. 19. "But they can't be as bad as he!" 20. Can you tell me the way to the nearest post-office? 21. A little bit of boiled fish can't hurt you, you know. 22. Could you help me with the translation of this article? I am afraid I cannot do it alone. 23. He shut himself up in the study for the whole day, and I could see through the window that he was writing busily. 24. Can she have been waiting for us all this time?
20. Скажите, что на ваш взгляд эти события не могли произойти.
E.g. 1. Yesterday I saw Pete in the assembly-ball. You can't have seen Pete in the assembly-hall yesterday.
2. This old bracelet was found in Africa. This old bracelet can't have been found in Africa.
1. Boris was in the canteen five minutes ago. 2. Robert took two bags with him. 3. That was Ann who plugged in the tape-recorder. 4. Nick has been doing the recording for two hours already. 5. It was Mary who rewound the tape. 6. The teacher let me take the tape home. 7. The teacher permitted us to use the dictionary. 8. Nick got up at seven and did his morning exercises. 9. It was Kate who aired the room. 10. There were a lot of pupils in the library yesterday. 11. It was John who broke the radio-set. 12. I saw Ann in the library yesterday. 13. This tower was built in the 9th century. 14. This book was written by a very good writer. 15. This film was made by a very good director. 16. This play was written by a very clever playwright. 17. This film has been shot in a fortnight. 18. This book was translated into Russian in the 19th century. 19. This castle was built in the 15th century. 20. This picture was painted by an Italian artist. 21. This refrigerator was produced ten years ago. 22. This car was built twenty years ago. 23. These photographs were taken in the north. 24. This tape-recording was done last week. 25. James was given an excellent mark in history. 26. Ann was given an excellent mark for her geometry test. 27. This house was built at the beginning of this century.
21. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальный глагол can’t.
E.g. I don't believe he is at home now. He can't be at home now.
1. I don't believe the work is too difficult for my friend. 2. I don't believe Jane made such a mistake. 3. It is impossible that the cat ate all the fish. 4. I don't believe that our papers were so poor. 5. It is impossible that you believed such a silly lie. 6. It is impossible that he has stolen the money. 7. I don't believe that they have heard the story before. 8. I don't think that she is good at physics. 9. I don't believe that you are serious. 10. It is impossible that she is a traitor. 11. I can't believe that he has made such an important discovery. 12.1 can't believe that the teacher has forgotten to correct our homework.
22. Перефразируйте следующие предложения, употребляя модальные глаголы must, may, can’t.
1. Probably that building in the distance is the station. 2. I don't believe you have lost your passport; probably you have put it into another bag. 3. Perhaps the girl was frightened. 4. Probably you left your text-book in the canteen. 5.1 don't believe they will give up such a brilliant idea. 6. You look pale. Probably you are tired. 7. I don't believe that this boy is a good friend. 8.1 am sure you are tired: you have been working for hours. 9. Perhaps he visited the Hermitage when he was in St. Petersburg last year. 10. I am sure it is a very deep lake.
23. Скажите, что это надо (не надо) было делать
E.g. I) I bought that book spending a lot of money. You should not have bought the book.
2) I did not buy that book. You should have bought the book.
1. So I took the child to the cinema. 2. We forgot to leave a message for her. 3. We did not wait for them because it was beginning to rain. 4. I did not put down her address and now I don't know how to find her. 5. I did not explain to her how to get here. 6. I bought a pair of red shoes to go with my new dress. 7. So I told her frankly what we all thought about her idea. 8. I have not seen the film, and now it is too late because it is no longer on. 9. My pen was leaking, so I wrote with a pencil. 10. I am afraid I ate too much cake with my tea.
24. Вставьте модальные глаголы should или must.
1.a) You... have studied the material thoroughly. I see you have made no mistakes in the test-paper.
b) You... have studied the material thoroughly. Then you would not have made so many mistakes.
2. a) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She would have recovered by now.
b) She... have followed the doctor's advice. She looks very fine.
3. a) You... have ignored the instructions of your sports coach. That's why you lost the game.
b) You... have followed the instructions of your sports coach. Then you would have won the game.
4. a) She... have forgotten to take her medicine.
b) She... have remembered to take her medicine.
5. a) I... have got on the wrong bus. I cannot recognize the places we are passing.
b) I... have looked carefully at the number of the bus. Now I must change buses, and I am afraid I shall be late.
25. Вставьте модальный глагол should или had to, употребляя требующуюся форму инфинитива.
1.I... (to write) this composition yesterday, but I was too busy as I... (to translate) a very long text from English. 2. I... not (to take) my little brother to the evening performance, he was so excited; but I really... (to do) so, for there was nobody at home to leave him with. 3. You... (to see) our team play! You have missed a lot. You... (to go) to the stadium. 4. It was a very important meeting and we... (to attend) it. That's why we returned home late. 5. He ... (to attend) the lesson: the material which the teacher explained was very difficult, and now it will be impossible for him to write the test-paper well. 6. Although he felt unwell, he... (to attend) the lesson, because the teacher explained some very difficult material.
26. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол.
1. If you want to improve your English, you.. work very hard. 2.... I take this book? — Certainly, but you... not give it to anybody. 3. Mother, … I go to the country tomorrow? — No, you... not. The doctor says you... stay at home for a day or two. 4. There is something wrong with your television-set. You... call a repair-man. — Oh, we.., not do, it! My brother... fix it himself. 5.... we bring these text-books every day? — No, you... not: you... take them from the library. 6.... you go to the country with us? — No, I am afraid I... not: I... go to the library.
27. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол.
1. You … not come to help them tomorrow: the work is done. 2. You... not change the whole text as the beginning is all right. Yon... only rewrite the second part of it. 3..... you help me now? – I am afraid not: I am in a great hurry. I shall be free in the evening. Come to my place at about eight, and I... help you. 4. John... not tell us the rules of the game: we know them. 5.... I return the book to you on Friday? I am afraid I... not finish it before. — No, that is too late. You... bring it to me not later than Wednesday. 6. It is already six o'clock. We... hurry if we don't want to be late. 7.... you translate this text into English? — I think I... 8. They spent all the morning on the river bank. Only Ann... return home as she... not stay in the sun for such a long time.
ADDITIONAL RADING
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Agriculture is one of the economic sectors to have made the least recovery from the economic turmoil of the 1990s. According to the Russian Ministry of Agriculture sixty-three percent of the agricultural land in use in 1993 is dormant today. So having 10% of the World’s plough-land and 50% of the World’s chernozem, Russia still imports half of agricultural products from abroad.
Poor development of agriculture in Russia is determined by the following reasons:
· slowing temps of technological modernization of the industry
· undeveloped logistics and infrastructure
· insufficient inflow of private capital investment
· deficit of qualified labour force
· low subsidy levels
Now government try to stimulate the development of rural area and agricultural production by increasing subsidies. In recent years Russia's farming has seen a decade of strong growth. Last year agricultural production grew at a rate of 10%. Still it represents only 4 % of Russia's GDP – compared with up to 14% in developed countries.
Structure of the Russian Agriculture
Change in Production of Agricultural Goods
Why it is important to develop agricultural sector of the economy in Russia?
Russia's agriculture is among the most promising sectors of the Russian economy today. Russia has a great deal of what can be considered "unused capacity" in agriculture. Russia is endowed with tremendous resources in terms of land and water to boost agricultural production.
If the government managers to find the solution of problems, Russia will be able to become a major agricultural power boosting Russia's GDP and export potential.
Potential importers of Russian agricultural products can be European countries and developing countries, such as Iran and China, which because of the rapid grow of population and lack of agricultural area will soon have to import agricultural products from abroad. In the «OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2006-2015» Russia is viewed as potential exporter to the countries of Middle East and North Africa.
Growth of production and export of agricultural products will have a positive effect on the economic and social development of the whole country, on the demographic situation in the country, formation of the middle class. Agriculture would also push money into rural areas – where it is needed most. It would also create labour-intensive industries to compete with construction in Moscow, which for now is the target of nearly every immigrant to Russia and nearly all migration within Russia.
Moreover Agrarian countries have "a certain buffer that softens the effects of the global financial and economic crisis".
Russia agriculture vs american agriculture.
Almost 21mln.people or about 17 % of all population works in the agriculture of USA. Nearly 3 millions independent farms deliver feed products to the American consumers. The area of an average farm in the USA makes about 400 acres.
Specific feature of financing of USA economy, is that the means from the federal budget are primary allocated for the target programs having national importance.
In the USA the agriculture is based on farming. The main aim of agriculture is to make it competitive on the market. The agriculture gets all the support from the side of government, which also protect the farming from inflation on the market. Besides a farmer has a right to leave as deposit his produced products in the period of the decrease of prices, so that it could help to maintain the production level. However if the state on the market improves, the producer (a farmer) has a right to take back his products and gave the money from his earnings to the government.
The US agricultural policies provide minimal and steady prices for agricultural products. The price support frequently results in huge surpluses of agricultural products. There is therefore some concentrations of agricultural production in hands of the largest manufacturers in the USA. But even largest agricultural manufacturers accept the established prices for production.
So, one of major functions in agriculture is to stimulate scientific and technical development, accelerate realization of technical novelties, which, as a rule, require large additional capital investments.
We have recently visited one of the states of America -Iowa, which concentrates on agriculture. There are a lot of farms, which grow the crops, grain, and livestock. Moreover all the farms are well-equipped.
Thus the agriculture in USA is highly developed, and one of the main points in achieving such good results-is the protection from interfering foreign companies and their subsidiaries.
However in Russia we can see a different situation. There are a big amount of agriculture holding companies with dominated share in foreign capital. Foreign companies buy the land and allocate their farms, so that it made a big competition for households.
Another reason for poor development of farming is corruption. It is better to attract foreign companies and give them for rent the lands, than to sell it to the farmer.
Finally, Russia is willing to import more production, than to produce it.
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