Skip the sun, get a glow the healthy way 1 глава




Everyone at some point has wanted a “healthy glow,” whether it’s a must-have for summer, or a vacation, the thought of tan skin has crossed the minds of millions. If you are pale, it A __________. There is wild excitement when after a day in the sun your skin is tan, not burnt. Surely everyone is familiar with the famous conversation upon the realization that you got fried at the beach. Your friends reassure you with “Don’t worry it B __________.” It may all seem like fun and games at the time, but alarming new research C __________.

Some tan-seekers do it the old-fashioned way, grab a towel and hit the pool or beach. Recently, millions of young girls D __________ instead. Regardless of how the tan is achieved, any change in skin coloring is evidence of skin cell damage. This can lead to cancer. According to the Skin Cancer Foundation, melanoma, or skin cancer, among people aged 18 to 39 has risen dramatically. In the United States the number of skin cancer cases due to tanning, is higher than the number of lung cancer cases due to smoking.

While it is true that being outside and active is great for your body and the sun does provide vitamin D, everyone’s health still needs protecting. However, it’s E __________, limit time spent in direct sunlight, between the hours of 10 a.m. and 4 p.m., and wear sunscreen at all times. A fashionable option is the sun hat: both elegant and fun. Big floppy hats may seem ridiculous at first, but F __________.

Another advice is to look into sunless tanners: They are cheap and in no way endanger the lives of users. So, fake it, don’t bake it!

 

 
1. takes a lot of time and effort to tan
2. have been turning to tanning beds
3. they are actually quite classy accessories
4. better to avoid indoor tanning
5. have inspired people to get their skin checked
6. will eventually turn into a tan
7. has taken the healthy out of healthy glow
 

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1. Measuring the distance
2. Multiple differences
3. Easy to use
4. An important vegetable
 
5. Expanding the function
6. To smell pleasant
7. An ancient mail
8. A mistake in the origin
A. The Babylonians invented their number system in the second millennium B.C., and it still affects us. They created a system where one column indicated multiples of 1, one column indicated multiples of 60, and one column indicated multiples of 3,600. Since the system was not difficult to calculate, it was applied to the concept of time, giving us 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute.
B. Even though they were responsible for a number of great works like the Great Pyramids, the Egyptians also developed the first breath mints, the prototype of a modern chewing gum. Faced with the odor resulting from bacterial growth and tooth decay they mixed various ingredients, including frankincense and cinnamon, which were then boiled in honey and shaped.
C. While many people incorrectly attribute the invention of the parachute to Leonardo da Vinci, it was actually the ancient Chinese who came up with this idea. The stories talk about Chinese acrobats who were using parachute-like equipment to entertain the nobility more than 1,700 years before da Vinci’s supposed “invention.”
D. Even though the Aztecs didn’t technically invent popcorn, it played a large role in Aztec culture and was one of the key components in their society. The Aztecs often used it to make necklaces or headdresses, and it was commonly used to decorate religious statues. The later introduction of popcorn to the world was the result of the Spanish invasion.
E. The odometer, a measurement tool for travelling, is believed to be invented by an ancient Roman named Vitruvius. He explained how a wheel with teeth would be turned by a gear attached to the main wheel and a stone would be dropped into a box, indicating a Roman mile. He called this idea an odometer, the derivation from the Greek words for “way” and “measure.”
F. Assyria, a major Semitic civilization, was responsible for the creation of the first postal service in the world. Most likely created sometime in the ninth century B.C., the postal service utilized mules in order to transport letters between cities. Certain letters would even be sent with voice messengers to ensure that the tone of the writer’s words came across correctly.
G. Since the hourglass was one of the few reliable methods of measuring time at sea, it was in use from early Middle Ages. During the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan around the globe, his vessels kept 18 hourglasses per ship. However, from the 15th century they were already used not only at sea, but also in the church, in industry and in cooking.

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Grant-making agency

The National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) is an independent grant-making agency of the United States government. Established in 1965, it is one of the largest sources of grant funds for humanities projects and programs in the U.S. NEH promotes knowledge of the history, thought, and culture, not only of the United States, A __________.

NEH grants facilitate research and original scholarship, strengthen teaching and learning in the humanities in American schools and colleges, give opportunities for citizens to engage in lifelong learning, B __________.

The Endowment is directed by a chairman, C __________ and confirmed by the U.S. Senate for a term of four years. Advising the chairman is the National Council on the Humanities, a board of 26 distinguished private citizens D __________ with the advice of the Senate. The National Council members serve six-year terms.

NEH grants are typically awarded to U.S. cultural institutions, such as museums, archives, libraries, colleges, universities, and public television and radio stations, E __________. Eligibility is limited to U.S. non-profit institutions and to U.S. citizens and foreigners F __________ prior to the time of application. Grants are awarded through a competitive process. The chairman takes into account the advice provided by the review process and, by law, makes all funding decisions

 

 
1. who is appointed by the president
2. but of other countries of the world
3. but in every aspect of social sciences
4. who are also appointed by the president
5. who have been living in the U.S. for three years
6. as well as to individual scholars of the humanities
7. as well as provide access to cultural and educational resources
 

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1. First in everything
2. A historic moment
3. Completely different from Earth
4. How to become an astronaut
 
5. Influenced by an accident
6. Astronauts’ pastimes
7. Various names
8. Astronauts’ meals
A. Astronauts spend most of their time doing science experiments that can only be done in outer space. Even though they work long hours, astronauts do get breaks. They may use their breaks to play games with their crewmates, read, watch movies, or talk to their families on Earth. One of the favourite ways for astronauts to spend their breaks is by just sitting and looking out the window. Seeing the Earth from a distance is a very rare treat that most people don’t get to see.
B. The very first astronauts who went up into space ate some interesting things. A lot of their food was ground up and put in tubes that looked like toothpaste. Today though, astronauts have food choices that are pretty much the same ones we have. Eating in space is a bit tricky because there is no gravity. Food packages have to be attached to trays. Salt and pepper actually come in a liquid form because if you shook salt and pepper in space, it would all just float away in the air.
C. Sleeping on the space station is a lot different than sleeping down on Earth. Astronauts have only tiny rooms to sleep in and often sleep in small compartments or in sleeping bags. The biggest difference between sleeping on Earth and sleeping in space is gravity. Without gravity, there isn’t really any up or down so sometimes astronauts sleep standing up. Also, astronauts often strap their sleeping bags to the walls so that they don’t float away.
D. People who want to work in space have to go through lots of training. Most astronauts study things like engineering, math, science, or computer technology. Many astronauts have also had military training. Besides, astronauts need to be in good physical shape and must be good at working with others. Men and women who meet the requirements enter a competitive application process and, if selected, then train for several years before taking off into space.
E. The term “astronaut” derives from the Greek words astron, meaning “star”, and nautes, meaning “sailor”. Although the word “astronaut” is often widely used to talk about someone who works on a spacecraft, it is sometimes used to describe someone who works for the United States’ space program. Astronauts from other countries are sometimes called differently; for example, in Russia they are cosmonauts and in China they are taikonauts.
F. After Mr. Armstrong took his famous first steps on the moon, he was joined several minutes later by his fellow astronaut, Edwin “Buzz” Aldrin, while the third man on their mission, Michael Collins, orbited their spacecraft around the moon and prepared the team for their victorious return to Earth. Upon taking his first steps onto the moon, Armstrong said the famous words “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”
G. The third of four children, Yuri Gagarin was born on March 9, 1934, in a small village a hundred miles from Moscow. As a teenager, Gagarin saw a Russian Yak fighter plane make an emergency landing near his home. Years later, when offered a chance to join a flying club, he eagerly accepted, making his first solo flight in 1955. Only a few years later, he submitted his request to be considered a cosmonaut.

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The Bonfire Night The 5th of November has always had a very special place in my heart. More important than New Year’s Eve, but probably less important than the Olympics ceremonies, the 5th of November every year is A __________all over the country to go wild! The night of the 5th is often cold and damp and parents wrap up their children in layers of jumpers, coats, hats, scarves and gloves. They fuss over the littlest B __________aren’t scared. They comfort their pets and give them a safe place to curl up inside, away from the cacophony about to start outside. Outside the bonfire is C __________up your nose. If you’re lucky, there might be some pumpkin soup left over from Halloween to warm you up, because in spite of all the layers and the excitement, you’ll still need warming up until the bonfire gets going! When it’s absolutely dark and the bonfire is blazing, the children and parents huddle together in groups, staring up at the sky. What are they waiting for? The screech of the first firework deafens them all and D __________. The “oohs” and “aaahs” of the crowd keep perfect time with the “kabooms” of the rockets. With every firework that lights up the sky, parents watch the delight grow on their children’s faces and sigh with relief. After the grand finale, they make their way home with the noises still echoing in their ears. An extra special treat E __________! Waving them through the chilly air, spelling out names and drawing pictures, even the oldest members of the family remember how to be kids! This is what the 5th of November means to me. Every year, it F __________such bright and colourful fireworks and heard such loud bangs. I really hope I never grow out of it!

 

 
1. differences in traditions
2. children and hope that they
3. the day for fireworks lovers
4. the explosion lights up the sky
5. feels like the first time I’ve seen
6. waits at home though: sparklers
7. lit and the smell of smoke creeps

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Earth-sheltered homes Earth-sheltered or simply underground homes are one of those creations by man, which brings him closer to nature. Unlike the normal traditional houses thatA__________, these earth-sheltered homes are built using the shelter of the ground. Earth-sheltered homes can be easily made in hilly areas. The basic idea behind the construction of such a house is that they are built with the idea of B__________ and each of these homes is built entirely different from each other. The construction of these homes is usually done according to the shape of the area where the house is built. Their designs C__________to the nature. The early earth houses which were initially built lacked windows. Modern day earth-sheltered homes though have windows as well as any other facility that the people living there might require. Some of the major benefits of earth-sheltered homes are that they are naturally insulating. This makes them cool in the summer and cozy and warm in the winter. Another advantage D__________ and are well protected from earthquakes as well as wind-storms. Many earth-sheltered homes are also defended against intruders since there is usually only one entry. As everything has its pros and cons, earth-sheltered homes also do. The interior decoration of these homes, like placing the furniture or huge paintings, E__________. These homes also have dark spaces inside and for this reason, lots of lighting is essential. Earth-sheltered homes are one of the greenest housing designs that combines Mother Nature with eco-friendly F__________.

 

 
1. are built on the ground
2. are usually very organic
3. is being built facing south
4. being environmentally friendly
5. building materials and lifestyle
6. is that these homes are safe from fire
7. can be difficult due to the construction
 

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Australia Australia is one of the world’s most ethnically diverse nations. Nearly a quarter of the people who live in Australia A__________. They come from the United Kingdom and other European countries, but also from China, Vietnam, North Africa, and the Middle East. First people arrived in Australia about 50,000 years ago. They B__________ land bridges when sea levels were lower. The next to land in Australia were Dutch explorers. They came in 1606. In 1788 the British began to settle there. Many settlers C__________ as punishment. For a short time, the newcomers lived peacefully with the Aboriginal people. In 1851, gold was discovered in Australia. A rush to find riches brought D__________ 1859, six separate colonies were created which later became part of the British Commonwealth. Australian culture is founded on stories of battlers, bushrangers and brave soldiers. Today E__________ its Aboriginal heritage, vibrant mix of cultures, innovative ideas and a thriving ecosystem. Australia’s ecosystem is an unusual one because of its remote location. As a result, there are F__________and nowhere else in the world, such as kangaroo and koala. One of Australia’s most amazing sites rises like an enormous whale’s back from a flat desert called the Red Center. It is a sacred natural formation at the heart of the country and the largest rock in the world!

 

 
1. Australia is one of the most
2. were born in other countries
3. Australia also defines itself by
4. many animal species that occur here
5. may have travelled from Asia across
6. thousands of new immigrants, and by
7. were criminals sent to live in Australia
 

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1. Through ages and cultures
2. Who were the first ‘fools’
3. Real danger, not a joke
4. Ready for a joke?
 
5. TV jokes are the best
6. Evolution of the holiday jokes
7. Who introduced different dates
8. A tip for a good joke
A. The 1st of April has no official recognition, but for a long time it has been known as a day to celebrate foolishness. Even though we don’t care where April Fools’ Day comes from, we hold this tradition of making other people look stupid with practical jokes. It’s a day for pranks of all kinds, even online, TV or radio pranks. There is definitely some merriment for those who put their sense of humor into gear and get prepared.
B. According to the most common theory, in the 16th century, Pope Gregory XIII issued a decree about a new standard calendar for Christian Europe. The calendar took his name and centuries later became the standard used internationally. Prior to the 16th century, Europe’s nations operated using the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar moved New Year’s Day from the end of March to January 1, among other changes.
C. Catholic monarchies were the first to follow the changes in the calendar. Protestants followed later. However, some Europeans didn’t like these changes and continued celebrating the New Year between March 25 and April 1. April fools were those who still celebrated the holiday in the spring, and were the subject of pranks by those who had observed the New Year months ago. This practice became an annual tradition of April 1 prank-playing.
D. April Fools’ Day was introduced to the American colonies by British and French settlers. There were other occasions resembling this tradition. Ancient Romans held a festival known as Hilaria to honor the god Attis. Hilaria, of course, resembles the word ‘hilarity’ in English. The modern equivalent of Hilaria is called Roman Laughing Day. In India, people play jokes and throw colorful dyes at each other to celebrate Holi, a Hindi festival.
E. Some pranks and practical jokes can be very old and hackneyed. Some other pranks are off the beaten track. To try something new it is advised to buy a box of donuts in a supermarket and replace them with some Brussel sprouts or other non-delicious food. When the sprouts are put into the box, the closed box should be left on the counter or in a café for any victims to find! This is quite a harmless practical joke.
F. A space rock may have visited the Earth on April Fools’ Day. The news about its flyby was no prank. The asteroid passed within 230,000 kilometers of the Earth during its closest approach, which is just over half the distance between the Earth and the moon’s orbit. Another space rock flew by the Earth on April 4 when it passed at a range just beyond the orbit of the moon. It reminded of real dangers that threaten the humanity without kidding.
G. The style of April Fools’ jokes has changed over the years. Modern pranks tend to center more around sham telephone calls and media-driven foolery. To sum up, April Fools’ Day is a ‘for fun only’ observance, a time when nobody is expected to buy gifts, receive cards or spend money. The primary force behind any pranks is that they should not be harmful but able to be enjoyed by everyone … especially the person upon whom the joke is played.

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1. Health benefits of hobbies
2. Dangerous hobby
3. Look to your past
4. Finding excitement
 
5. Time out with a purpose
6. Finding a hobby that suits you
7. Finding time for your hobby
8. Making new friends
A. Hobbies provide work-free and responsibility-free time in your schedule. This can be especially useful for people who feel stressed by all that they have to do and need to recharge their batteries. For some of us it may be difficult to give ourselves permission to just sit and relax. Having a hobby, however, can provide a break and help people feel that they’re not just ‘sitting around’ but are using their free time for something productive.
B. Are there things you enjoyed as a child that you might still enjoy as an adult? Maybe you had a fantastic record collection, loved to make clothes for your dolls or were always out on your bike. Those are all things you could pick up again as an adult that would make great hobbies. Or there may be hobbies in your home right now that you started but have recently forgotten about. Maybe it’s time to finish that crochet project or pick up the guitar again.
C. If you’re adding a new thing into your life, you have to take time and focus away from something else. The good news is that most of us have a lot of time we’re not using well, either because we’re spending a lot of time online or watching TV or just wasting time we could be spending on our hobbies. See if you can spend a half hour or so every other day to explore your interest. This way it would be best in case you find that hobby isn’t for you after all.
D. Of course, everyone is different and your personality does play a role in what sorts of hobbies you’ll like. If you don’t have a lot of patience you might feel that knitting is too much for you, but exploring quick sewing projects might be a better choice. Maybe you really like being with friends, so you need to take a class or have an interest that you can do with a group. If you travel a lot, something portable or that you can do anywhere is helpful.
E. One study found that those who engage in physical leisure activities for at least 20 minutes once a week are less likely to have a fatigue. Other research found that enjoyable activities performed during leisure time were associated with lower blood pressure, total cortisol, and body mass index, and feelings of better physical function. Such activities were also associated with higher levels of positive psychosocial states and lower levels of depression.
F. When you look for material or equipment for your hobby, you are likely to find people who have the same hobby as you. You may be surprised to know how serious some people are about their hobbies and therefore would have great knowledge of their chosen pastime. Instead of meeting people from your work or college or those whom you have grown apart with, it is a great way to meet people with whom you have something in common.
G. For those who aren’t very stressed and may actually be understimulated, hobbies provide a nice source of eustress, the healthy kind of stress that we all need to remain feeling happy about life. If the rest of your life is somewhat dull or uninspiring, hobbies can provide meaning and fun, and can break up a boring schedule, without feeling like work. In other words, hobbies can provide just the right amount of challenge.

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