Задание №1
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The job of PM is to decide on a number of different ______________ to run the country
· elections
· policies
· forms
Задание №2
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People can only ______________for one person from one political party.
· vote
· choose
· rule
Задание №3
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I want to do a course so I wrote to the school and asked them to send a ______________ form.
· landing
· registration
· marriage
Задание №4
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The ________________ of that party becomes Prime Minister.
· dictator
· representative
· leader
Management (Управление)
The career ladder (Карьерная лестница)
When Paula left school she applied for (= wrote the official request for) a job in a local company. They gave her a job as a trainee (= a very junior person in a company). She didn’t earn much (= didn’t get much money\ she had a low salary), but they gave her in-house training (= the company gave her help and advice to become better), and she went on\ did several training courses.
Paula worked hard and her prospects (= future possibilities in the job) looked good. Her manager\ boss was very pleased with her progress and she soon got a good pay rise (= more money every week/ month). After two years she was promoted (= was given a higher position with more money and responsibility). After five years she was in charge of (= the boss of) a department with five employees (= workers) under her (= under her control).
| employer | person who employs |
| employee | worker |
| trainer | person who gives training |
| trainee | person who receives training |
By the time Paula was 30, she decided she wanted a fresh challenge (= a new exciting situation) and a career change (= to work in a different kind of job). She wanted to work abroad (= work in another country), so she resigned (= officially told the company she was leaving her job\ quit) and started looking for another job. After a month she got a job with an international company which involved (= included) a lot of foreign travel. She was very excited about this and at first she really enjoyed it, but…
After six months Paula started to dislike the travelling and living in hotels. She didn’t do well in the job either. After a year the company dismissed\ sacked her (= told her to leave), and Paula found life difficult. She was unemployed\ out of work (= without a job) for nine months until she got a part-time job (= working only part of the day or week) in the kitchen of a restaurant.
Paula loved the restaurant. She enjoyed learning to cook and two years later she took over (= took control of) the restaurant. Last year Paula retired (= stop working completely) at the age of 50, a rich woman.
| verb | general noun | person | |
| manage | управление | management | manager |
| promote | продвижение | promotion | |
| employ | принять на работу | employment | employer\ employee |
| resign | уволиться | resignation | |
| retired | уйти на пенсию | retirement |
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Management styles
An Autocratic manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among the senior management. Objectives and tasks are set and the workforce is expected to do exactly as required. The main advantage of this style is that the direction of the business will remain constant, and the decisions will all be similar, this in turn can project an image of a confident, well managed business.
A Paternalistic form is also dictatorial, however the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social needs are always met. Loyalty from the employees leads to a lower labour turnover.
In a Democratic style the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions (from subordinates to leaders and vice-versa). Job satisfaction and quality of work will improve.
In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leader's role is peripheral and staff manage their own areas of the business.The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative groups of employees, however in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management.
Примерные тестовые задания по теме «Менеджмент»
Задание №1
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They ___________ her because she was the best worker in the department.
· sacked
· employ
· promote
Задание №2
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John was sacked because he was _____________.
· out of work
· late for work
· leaving
Задание №3
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Samanta didn’t like her managers, so she had to ______________.
· promote
· retired
· resign
Задание №4
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At the end of the year we should get a good pay______________.
· rise
· fell
· involve
Finance (Финансы)
Notes and coins (Банкноты и монеты)
In the UK the currency (= type of money used) is sterling; in the USA it is the dollar; in much of Europe it is the euro.
| notes | coins |
| e.g. ten pounds, twenty euros | e.g. fifty pence, a pound |
| a ten-pound note | a 50p coin, a one-pound coin |
Common verbs
| Spend $ on | Last week I spent $ 100 on food, and $ 20 on books. |
| Pay $ for | I paid $ 200 for my new desk. |
| Cost | My new desk cost (me) $ 200. |
| Charge | They charged me (= told me to pay) $ 10 to repair my watch. |
| Lend\ borrow | Could you lend me some money? Could I borrow some money? |
| Waste $ on | Parents often think that children waste their money (= use it badly) on sweets and other things they don’t need. |
| Save (up) for | I’m saving (up) (= keeping some of my money when I receive it) for my holiday – I’m hoping to go to Greece. |
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These adjectives are all used to describe the price of something (= the amount of money you have to pay for something), e.g. This watch was cheap; the hotel was reasonable; my suit was quite expensive, etc.
$ $ $ $ $
Free cheap reasonable quite very incredibly
expensive expensive expensive
I can’t afford (= don’t have enough money) to go on holiday this year.
- How much is that watch worth? (= What is its value?)
- It’s worth about $ 50.
The cost of leaving (= how much people pay for things) is high in Sweden and Norway, but people still have a good standard of leaving. (= the level of money and comfort people have)
His car cost a fortune (= was very expensive), but he can afford it; he’s well-off (= rich).
Banks and business (Банки и бизнес)
Companies often borrow money from banks to finance (= pay for) investments (= things they need to purchase\ buy to help company in future, e.g. machines). This money is called a loan. And companies have to pay interests on it, e.g. if you borrow $1000 for a year, and the interest rate is 10%, then you have to pay back $1000 + $100 in interest.
Profit and loss (Прибыли и убытки)
The main aim/ objective of a company (= most important thing for a company to do) is to make a profit (= receive more money than it spends; opp make a loss). If a company does not make a profit or a loss, it breaks even. For example: Most new companies are happy if they break even in their first year of business.
Companies receive money from selling their products or services (this money is called the turnover) and they spend money (called the expenditure) on these things: raw materials (= materials in their natural state, e.g. coal and oil are important raw materials used to make plastics), and overheads (= things a company must always spend money on, e.g. rent, electricity, etc). For many companies labour costs (= money paid to workers) are very expensive.
Rise and fall (Подъемы и падения)
These verbs describe trends (= movements) in sales, prices, profit and loss, etc.
Rise\ go up\ increase, e.g. rise gradually (slowly), go up steadily, rise sharply
Fall\ go down\ drop, e.g. fall slowly, fall steadily, drop sharply
By + size of charge – Pre-tax profits rose by 11% (to $120 million)
From + previous level – Prices dropped from $594 to $ 367.
To + new level
Most companies want:
To grow\ expend (= get bigger) and be successful (= do well and make a lot of profit); low inflation, so prices do not go up; low interest rates to borrow money; economic and political stability (= no quick changes in the economic\ political situation); a healthy\ strong economy (= an economy in good condition; opp an economy in recession); tax cuts (= tax reductions\ lower taxes), so they can keep more of their profit.