There are many differences between BrE and AmE vocabulary. For example, a small farm that grows fruits and vegetables for sale is called a truck farm by American speakers and a market garden by British speakers. In cases like this, the main definition is given at the British word, and the American word is given as an alternative, like this:
market garden /,...’..../ BrE // truck farm AmE — an area for growing vegetables and fruits for sale
The American form also has its own short entry: truck farm /’.../ n AmE for market garden. Sometimes the differences are lessclear than this. For example, the word truck (meaning a heavy road vehicle) is used in both BrE and AmE. But many British speakers call this vehicle a lorry, whereas Americans never use this word. In cases like this, the main definition goes at the «World English» form, like this:
truck /trLk/ n. 1 also lorry BrE — a large motor vehicle for carrying goods in large qualities.
Truck has no label, so it can be used in any variety of English, but lorry — as the label shows — would only be used by British speakers.
Прил 9
Прил 10-1
Прил 10-2
Прил 10-3
Приложение XI
Расхождение американского и британского вариантов на лексическом уровне
| BrE | AmE | R. eq. |
| to grill | to broil | жарить |
| garden centre | nursery | садоводство |
| custom | patronage | клиентура, покупатели |
| dressing table | vanity table | туалетный столик |
| tipex | white out | |
| headmaster | principal | директор |
| headmistress | principal | директриса |
| cloak-room | checkroom, coatroom, coatcheck | гардероб |
| cheque | check | чек |
| reel | spool | катушка |
| sledge | sled | сани |
| chafing dish | fondue | электрическая кастрюля, термос |
| deckchair | beachchair | шезлонг |
| fill in | fill out | заполнять |
| fillet | filet | филе |
| holiday | esp. vocation | каникулы |
| timber | lumber | древесина |
| sweet | dessert | диссерт |
| surname | esp. last name, family name | фамилия |
| polling day | election day | день выборов |
| round-about | traffic circle | кольцевая транспортная развязка |
| merry-go-round, roundabout | carousel | карусель |
| rise | raise | повышаться (о зарплате) |
| flip-flop | thong | шлепки |
| gymshol or plimsoll | sneaker | теннисные туфли |
| Wellington boot | rubber boot | сапоги |
| recreation ground | playground | площадка для игр, спортивная площадка |
| trainer, training shoe | sneaker, tennis shoe | теннисные туфли |
| round | around | вокруг, около |
| rubbish | garbage, trash | мусор |
| rubbish bin | trash can, garbage can | мусорное ведро |
| dust man, binman, dustbinman | garbage man, trash man, garbage collector sanitation worker | мусорщик |
| dust cart | garbage truck | мусорная машина |
| roller blind | blind, shade | жалюзи |
| tote | pari-mutuel machine | |
| draught | checker | шашка |
| draughtboard | checkerboard | шашечная доска |
| spring onion | scallion, greenonion | зеленый лук |
| spring roll, pancake roll | egg roll | |
| sweet potato | yam | |
| green pepper, sweet pepper | bell pepper | зеленый перец |
| peak time, peak viewing hours | prime time | |
| disaster area | distressed area | район бедствия |
| drink-driving | drunk-driving | вождение машины в нетрезвом состоянии |
| drink-driver | drunk-driver | пьяный водитель |
| stuffing | dressing | начинка |
| post | почта | |
| blackboard | chalkboard | доска |
| scone | biscuit | сконзы, печенье |
| teat | nipple | соска |
| pancake | crepe [kreip] | блин |
| engine driver | engineer | машинист |
| action replay | instant replay | повтор |
| thermionic valve | thermionic tube | термолампа |
| swimming costume | bathing suit, swim suit | купальный костюм |
| blank cheque | blank check | чек на предъявителя (без обозначения суммы оплаты) |
| bread bin | bread box | хлебница |
| washing machine | washer | стиральная машина |
| esp. cooker | esp. stove | газовая плита |
| fridge-freezer | refrigerator-freezer | морозилка |
| frying pan | skillet | сковорода |
| mobile library | bookmobile | передвижная библиотека на грузовике |
| washbasin, basin | sink, washbawl | раковина |
| tea towel | dish towel | столовое полотенце (для протирания посуды) |
| football | soccer | футбол |
| American football | football | американский футбол |
| bath, baths | bathtub | ванная комната |
| fitted carpets | wall-to-wall carpets | ковровое покрытие |
| railway station | railroad station | железнодорожная станция |
| supermarket | grocery store | бакалейно-гастроном. магазин |
| subway | underpass | подземный переход |
| turning | turn | поворот |
| phone | call | позвонить |
| pyjamas, jammies | pajamas, pj’s | пижама |
| tights | panty hose | колготки |
| kerb | curb | бордюр |
| badge | button, pin patch | значок |
| chip | French fry | чипсы |
| fancy dress | masquerade | маскарад |
| tin | can | жестяная банка |
| relief | benefit | пособие |
| witness box | stand, witness stand | место дачи свидетельских показаний |
| carriage | car | поезд |
| hire | rent | нанимать |
| railway | railroad | железная дорога |
| vest | undershirt | нижняя рубаха |
| tankard | stein | высокая пивная кружка (часто с крышкой) |
| esp. cinema | movie theatre | кинотеатр |
| free-post | business reply mail | |
| dumb-waiter | lazy Susan | вращающийся столик |
| drawing pin | thumbtack | кнопка |
| motor caravan | motor home | трейлер |
| motor way | free way | трасса |
| self-raising flour | self-rising flour | мука с пекарским порошком |
| spanner | wrench | гаечный ключ |
| ABC | ABC’s | алфавит |
| Halloween | Hallowe’en | Хэллоуин |
| denfine | denfin | пломба |
| candy-floss | cotton candy | сахарная вата |
| hire purchase | installment | продажа в рассрочку |
| report | reportcard | табель успеваемости |
| Welsh dresser | hutch | сервант |
| hipsters | hiphuggers | чулки |
| semiebreve | whole note | нота |
| semidetached | duplex | имеющий общую стену |
| flat | apartament | квартира |
| lift | elevator | лифт |
| tap | faucet | кран |
| biscuit | esp. cookie | печенье |
| esp. maize | esp. Indian corn, corn | кукуруза |
| porridge | oatmeal | каша |
| form | grade | класс |
| infant school | kindergarden | детский садик |
| Public Toilet | restroom | общественный туалет |
| shop | store | магазин |
| petrol | gasoline | бензин |
| lorry | truck | грузовик |
| path | sidewalk | тротуар |
| mainroad | highway | шоссе |
| postman | mailman | почтальон |
| postbox | mailbox | почтовый ящик |
| mum | mom | мама (сокр.) |
| pants | trousers | брюки |
| autumn | fall | осень |
| dressing gown | bathrobe | купальный халат |
| airhostess | stewardess | стюардесса |
| tip4 | dump | свалка |
| hall | hallway | прихожая, коридор |
| panties, pants | underpants, underwear | трусики |
| sweet2 | candy | конфеты |
| polling booth | voting booth | кабина для голосования |
| polling station | polling place, pals | избирательный участок |
| luggage | baggage | багаж |
| warm up | warm over | подогреть |
| draught | draft | сквозняк |
| draughtsman | drafts | чертежник |
| pen friend | pen pal | друг по переписке |
| conjurer | magician | фокусник |
| rubber | eraser | резинка, стерка |
| cookery | cooking | кулинария, стряпня |
| maths | math | математика |
| tablespoon | serving spoon | столовая ложка |
| combinations coms | union suit | комбинация |
| refrigerator | ice-box | холодильник |
| vacuum cleaner, hoover | vacuum | пылесос |
| tonic water, tonic | guinine water | тоник |
| Loo | John | туалет |
| cupboard | closet | шкаф, буфет |
| parcel | package | сверток |
| bookshop | bookstore | книжный магазин |
| car park | parking lot | стоянка |
| pavement | sidewalk | тротуар |
| fishfinger | fishstick | рыбные палочки |
| crisp potato | potato chip | хрустящий картофель |
| plasticine | play dough | пластилин |
| waistcoat | vest | жилет |
| station, railway station | depot | железнодорожная станция |
| wind-cheater | windbreaker | ветронепроницаемая куртка |
| puppy fat | baby fat | пухляк, толстяк |
| hotch-potch | hodge-podge | смесь, всякая всячина |
| vapours | pors | затуманенность |
| doodah | doodad | эта шутка |
| dental surgeon | oral surgeon | дантист |
| terrace | patio | терасса |
| sellotape | scotch tape, tape | скоч |
| Friesian | Holstein | черно-белая корова |
| question master | quizmaster | мастер головоломок |
| half-arsed | assed | глупый, тупой |
| perambulator, pram | baby carrige, baby buggy | детская коляска |
| barman | bartender, bar keeper | бармен |
| accumulator | storage battery | аккумулятор |
| pharmacist | druggist | аптека |
| torch | flashlight | фонарик |
| stores | grocery store | бакалейно-гастрономи-ческий магазин |
| limited, ltd. | incorporated, inc. | акционерное общество |
| hire purchase system | installment plan | покупка в рассрочку |
| porter, caretaker | janitor | швейцар |
| paraffin | kerosene | керосин |
| queue | line | очередь |
| literal | typo, typographical error | опечатка |
| cock | rooster | петух |
| first floor | second floor | второй этаж |
| handbag | сумочка | |
| telephone box | telephone booth | телефонная будка |
| ring up | call up | звонить |
| put through | connect | соединять |
| engaged | busy | занято |
| post code | zip code | почтовый индекс |
| letter-box | mailbox | почтовый ящик |
| change money | exchange money | обменивать / разменивать деньги |
| dinner jacket | tuxedo | смокинг |
| trousers | pants, trousers | брюки |
| block of flats | appartment house | многоэтажный дом |
| ask for a list | ask for a ride | попросить подвезти |
| return ticket | round trip ticket | обратный билет |
| single ticket | one way ticket | билет в одну сторону |
| transport | transportation | транспорт |
| tram | streetcar | трамвай |
| coach | bus | автобус |
| subway | underpass | подземный переход |
esp. 53
euph. 1
usu. 11
infml 4
tdmk 3
old-fash 2
old-fash or fml (BrE) 1
(BrE) & AustrE 1
infml usu. euph 1
infnl often humor 1
old use or humor 1
(BrE) or fml AmE 1
esp. (AmE) & ScotE 1
tech 1
sl, not polite 1
Приложение XII
Классификация помет по семантико-функциональному признаку в BrE // AmE
| BrE | AmE | ||||
| функциональ-ный признак | семантико-функциональ-ный признак | семантиче-ский признак | функцио-нальный признак | семантико-функциональный признак | семантический признак |
| esp infml sl tdmk old-fash sl old-fash infml sl, becoming old-fash old-fash low tech & AustrE dial becoming rare fml old sl old use infml old-fash old-fash or fml/esp | humour sl euph sl derog sl taboo sl infml euph euph infml sl humor infml/esp humor or derogative taboo or law infml smt derog esp... infml, not polite infml often derog lit or humor infml derog sl, not polite infml / often humor infml, usu euph | derog pomp | esp infml sl tdmk old-fash sl old-fash law tech rare sl, old-fash becoming rare & ScotE &AustrE infml nonstandard fml esp...sl | humor sl derog sl taboo sl euph sl infml/often derog infml/humor esp sl derog infml humor or derog AustrE derog sl euph infml infml derog sl, not polite infml often humor infml, usu euph old usu or humor | euph esp...usu derog derog |
Приложение ХIII
Пометы, встречающиеся в обоих вариантах
| функциональный признак | семантический признак | семантико-функциональный |
| esp infml sl tdmk old-fash sl old-fash law tech becoming rare fml | derog | humor sl taboo sl euph sl infml often derog infml derog sl, not polite infml often humor infml usu euph |
Пометы, встречающиеся в одном из вариантов
| BrE | AmE | ||||
| функцио-нальный признак | семанти-ческий признак | семантически-функциональ-ный признак | функциональ-ный признак | семантический признак | семантико-функциональ-ный признак |
| old-fash infml sl, becoming old-fash AustrE dial sl humor | humor | euph infml infml euph infml esp humor derog taboo or law infml, smt derog esp infml not polite lit or humor | rare sl, old-fash & ScotE AustrE nonstandard esp...sl | euph esp usu derog | infml humor esp sl derog infml humor or derog Austr derog sl euph infml |
Пиложение XIV
Частотность стилистических маркеров внутри BrE // AmE вариантов
| BrE | AmE | |
| infml sl esp tdmk taboo sl old-fash sl old-fash derog sl tech infml often derog infml derog sl, not polite infml often humor infml usu euph humor sl euph sl euph infml infml euph old-fash infml sl, becoming old-fash AustrE dial sl humor infml esp humor o derog taboo or law infml smt derog esp infml, not polite lit or humor humor *** old sl old use old sl old use infml old-fash rare sl old fash & ScotE AustrE infml infml humor esp sl derog infml humor or derog AustrE derog sl euph infml euph esp... usu derog esp... sl |
Приложение XV
Стилистические расхождения на лексическо-семантическом уровне
1. Семантика может содержать два варианта (AmE // BrE)
| BrE | AmE | |
| vacation каникулы | 1. b esp BrE any of the period of holiday when unuversities are closed | 1. a usu AmE a holiday |
| local2 infml | 2. a pub near where one lives, esp a pub which one oftendrinks at... having a print in/at his local | 3. esp. a bus train etc that stops at all regular. 4. a branch of a trade union |
| ratty | 1. infml bad-tempered irritable | 2. infml untidy & in bad condition shabby, a ratty old coat |
| buzzard | 1. a large bird (a kind of Hawk) that kills & eat other creatures | 2. a large black bird (a kind of Vulture) that eats dead flesh |
| pavement | 1. a paved surface or path at the side of a street for people to walk on | 2. the hard surface of a street |
| smart | 1. esp. neat & stylish in appearance 3. quick or forceful: a smart blow | 2. esp. a) a good or quick in thinking clever; b) disrespectful, esp. towards someone older such as one’s teachers or parents, impudent |
| badge | 1. anything esp. a small piece of metal or plastique with a picture of words on it, worn to show rank, member-ship of a group, support for a political idea. | 2. a small piece of metal with words or pictures on it which shows authority |
| bun | 1. a small round sweet cake | 2. a small round kind of bread, usu plain but sometimes swetend |
| bureau | 1. a large desk or writing-table with a wooden cover which shuts ot sides over the top to close it | 2. for chest of drawers 4. esp. a division of government department |
| lumber | 1. esp. useless or unwanted articles, such as furniture, stored away somewhere | 3. esp. for timber |
| sweetie | 1. infml (used esp. by or to children) a sweet | 3. sweetheart |
| homely | 1. esp. simple not trying to seem important or special, a homely meal of bread & cheese | 2. (of people, faces etc) not good-looking, unattractive |
| dresser | 1. esp. a piece of furniture for holding dises or other articles used in eating with shelves & cupboards below | 2. a chest of drawers used esp. for clothing, often with a mirror on top. |
| hole-in-the-wall | 1. for cash dispenser | 2. a small business, esp. a restaurant that may not be easy to find |
| biscuit | 1. a flat thin dry cake, sweetend or unsweetened usu. sold in packets or tins | 2. for scones |
| rug | 2. esp. a large warm wollen covering to wrap round oneself, esp. when travelling or camping | 3. humor, esp. for toupee (наклейка) |
| entree [ontrei]; [a:ntrei] | 2. a) esp. a small meat dish, served after the fish & before the main dish in a formal dinner | 2. b) esp. the main dish of a meal |
| cracker | 4. infml someone or something that is very good, used esp. of a very attractive woman | 5. derog a poor white person from the American south |
| highway | 2. the best of most direct way; high road | 1. esp... or law a broad main road used by traffic going in both directions, and often leading from one town to another |
| backyard | 1. a yard behind a house covered wit a hard surface | 2. an area of land behind a house, usu. covered with grass, a back garden |
| corn | 1. (the seed of) any of various types of grain plants such as barley, eats & esp. wheat | 2. esp... & AustrE for a) maize; b) sweetcorn |
| tank top | 1. a usu. wollen tight fitting top without sleeves, worn over a blouse or shirt & popular esp. in the 1970s | 2. a top without sleeves which is made of very light material such as cotton for wearing in very hot weather |
| bit1 | 2. esp. any part or piece of something larger 3. esp. a certain amount, some 4. infml a) a small cion esp. one worth three or six old pence | 5. infml b) 12 1/2 cents |
| motorbike | 1. infml a motorcycle | 2. a small light motorcycle |
| dinky | 1. old-fash small & charming | 2. derog small & unimportant a dinky little room |
| terrace | 1. esp. a row of houses joined to each other 3. esp. any of a number of wide steps on which watchers stand at a football match | 2. a) balcony or porch |
| ratty | 1. infml bad tempered; irritable | 2. infml untidy & in bad condition, shabby; a ratty old coat |
| freshman | 1. also fresher infml a student in the first year at college or university | 2. a student in the first year at high school, college, or university |
| song & dance infml | 1. esp. an unnecessary or useless show of confusion anger, excitement, etc | 2. a complicated or misleading explanation |
| pitcher1 | 1. a large container for holding and pouring liquids usu. made of clay & having two earshaped handles | 2. for jug (1) |
2. Одно из значений является одним из вариантов, т.е. одно из значений слова стилистически маркировано
| BrE | AmE | |
| express | 2. alsoexpress delivery esp. BrE a service given by the post office railways etc. for carrying things faster than usual send the letter by express | |
| recreation room | 2. also recroom a room in a house used for playing games in | |
| rubroom | a massage, esp. after exercise | |
| bathroom | 2. a toilet | |
| sink2 | 1. b) esp. a washbasin | |
| duster | 2. a light coat worn to protect one’s clothes from dust while cleaning the house | |
| non-smoker | 2. railway carriage where smoking is not allowed | |
| dressing | 4. for stuffing | |
| Chinkie, Chinky | 1. infml a takeway which sells chinese goods | |
| Chinless | 2. infml weak & cowardly |
3. Внутри одного из семантических значений указываются два варианта, т.е. у одного значения 2 слова, относящиеся к разным вариантам
| BrE | AmE | meaning |
| sweet2 | usu. candy | 1. a small piece of sweet food made of sugar of chocolate 2. sweet food served at the end of a meal |
| luggage trolley | baggage cart | a small cart which is often provided at an airport or station to halp people move their luggage |
| tip esp. | dump esp. | a large place where unwanted waste is taken & left |
| flip-flop | thongs | 1. a type of open shoe which is usu. made of rubber & is held on by the toes & loose at the back |
| rubbish | garbage, trash | 1. things or material of no use or value that have been thrown away |
| fag end infml | cigarette but | 1. the last bit of a smoked & usu. no longer burning cigarette |
| car park | parking lot parking garage | 1. an open space where cars & other vehicles may be parked, smt for a small payment 2. an enclosed building used for this purpose |
| biscuit | cookie esp. | 1. a flat thin dry cake, sweetend or unsweetened, usu sold in packets or tins |
| tote2 | parimutual machine | 1. a machine that shows the number of bets placed on each horse or dog in a race ***************************** |
| clerk1 | salesclerk | 3. a person who works in a shop selling things |
| hockey esp. | field hockey esp. | a game played by two teams of 11 players each, with sticks & a ball. Hockey is usu. played in winter |
| mouldy | moldy | of or covered with mould |
| terrace | usu. patio | 4. a) a flat area next to a house usu with a stone floor, used as an outdoor living area |
| lollipop | lollypop sucker | 1. a hard sweet made of boiled sugar fixed on a stick, which is eaten by licking |
| warm up esp. | warm up | 1. to reheat (cooked food) for eating |
4. Ñìåøàííûé òèï: âíóòðè ñeìàíòèêè âûäåëÿåòñÿ åùå è äðóãàÿ ðàçíîâèäíîñòü ñòèëèñòè÷åñêîãî êîìïîíåíòà.
| BrE | AmE | |
| tip (4) | 2. infml an extremely untidy& dirty place. | |
| flip-flop(1) | 2. infml a change of mind | |
| flip-flop(2) | infml to change one's mind | |
| duster | infml for dust storm | |
| fag (1) | sl a cigarette | |
| fag(2) | derog sl for Homosexual | |
| tube | 4. infml for underground a tube station/train | 6. infml for television |
| cookie | 3. also cooky – sl a person of particular type:a smart/tough cookie. | |
| rug | 3. humor,esp for toupee | |
| chinkie chinky | 1. infml a takeway which sells chinese food | |
| Chinless | 2. infml weak & cowardly | |
| highway | esp…or law a broad main road used by traffic going in both directions & often leading from one town to another. | |
| mouldy | 2. sl of little value;unpleasant. | |
| dinky | 1. old-fash small & charming. | 2. derog small & unimportant. |
| warm over | 2. derog,esp to use (an idea, argument etc.) again. | |
| boss(1) | 2. esp…,usu.derog a political party chief, esp one who controls a local party organization. | |
| boss(3) | s l excellent or fashionable, a boss suit/a boss car. | |
| boss(5) | old-fash,sl make a boss shot (at) to make a first, probably not very good attempt (at). | |
| bugger | 1. taboo or law to be guilty of sodomy. 2. sl (used for adding force to expressions of displeasure or surprise: Bugger it! | |
| cracker | 4. infml someone or smth that | 5. derog a poor white person is very good, used esp. of a from the American South. very attractive woman. |
Приложение XVI