TEXT 1
Exercise 1. Scan the words and memorize them.
| assessment, n | оценка |
| acquire, v | приобретать |
| reveal, v | показывать |
| gain, v | приобретать |
| descriptive, adj | описательный, иллюстративный |
| reviewing, adj | реферативный |
| supplement, v | дополнить, расширить |
| arise, v | возникать |
| correspond (to), v | соответствовать |
| conform (to), v | согласовываться, находиться в соответствии с |
| mandatory, adj | обязательный |
| novelty, n | новизна |
| consistent | соответствующий, сообразный, логичный |
| pattern, n | модель, шаблон |
| generalize, v | обобщать |
| proposition, n | предположение, предложение |
| approach, n | подход |
| conduct, v | проводить, осуществлять |
| perform, v | выполнять, совершать |
| evaluate, v | оценивать |
| respective, adj | соответствующий |
| Exercise 2. Explain in English what you mean by: |
in public, research object, key proposition, research skills, consistent pattern.
| Exercise 3. Read and translate the text. |
Final Master Thesis
The final research paper – master thesis – is written in the final study year. Master theses are defended in public; the text of the paper submitted for public defence provides the basis of assessment. The assessment of the final paper is determined not only by the final paper submitted for defence, but also by
the ability of the author to present the key propositions of the paper during defence, explain and reason methodology employed and provide competent answers to the questions of commission members.
Final papers need all knowledge acquired during studies; they reveal research skills gained while studying, key and special competences; therefore, the commission members focus on the independent aspect of final papers.
The final master thesis is a qualifying analytical independent original research work of the specific branch of science. The master thesis cannot be descriptive and reviewing. It has to be analytical, based on independent scientific or applied research.
Research may have different aims: either to supplement scientific knowledge of the specific science field (basic research) or to help answer the questions arising in practice (applied research).The master thesis must correspond to
the current level of science; it has to conform to the mandatory requirement of novelty (it has to investigate new factors, phenomena, consistent patterns and generalize existing propositions through the application of different scientific positions and approaches, etc.). The research object of a master thesis –
an individual scientific study – must be related to the theory and practice of
the specific branch of the science field.
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The master thesis is prepared systematically, by conducting research during all study years (writing research papers every semester). The purpose of a master thesis is to broaden and deepen knowledge of individual branches, areas, disciplines; develop competences to independently perform the search of scientific literatures and sources; develop competences to evaluate research works of the respective field; solve both theoretical and practical scientific problems; conduct scientific research of individual areas of science, properly describe it, clearly and argumentatively formulate research conclusions; develop competences of scientific discussion, argumentation and communication.
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| Exercise 4. Give the Russian equivalents: |
final research paper, to submit for public defence, to present the key propositions, to reveal research skills, key and special competences, to focus on the independent aspect of final papers, to supplement scientific knowledge of
the specific science field, to conform to the mandatory requirement of novelty, to develop competences consistent patterns, to generalize existing propositions, application of different scientific positions and approaches, to be related to,
to develop competences, to evaluate research work, a respective field, to solve both theoretical and practical scientific problems.
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| Exercise 5. Give the English equivalents: |
заниматься научным исследованием, магистерская диссертация, определять, объект исследования, соответствовать современному уровню развития науки, поэтому, посредством, оценка, объяснять и обосновывать применяемую методологию, члены комиссии, приобретать знания, квалификационная аналитическая самостоятельная научно-исследовательская работа, описатель-ный, реферативный, различные цели,фундаментальное (теоретическое) исследование, появляться, явления, расширять и углублять знания в опре-деленной области науки, самостоятельно заниматься поиском информации в различных источниках, понятно и обоснованно формулировать выводы исследования.
| Exercise 6. Match the synonyms. |
| assessment | to conduct | |||
| to perform | evaluation | |||
| research | to participate | |||
| branch | to conform | |||
| paper | applied | |||
| research | basic | |||
| theoretical | to gain | |||
| practical | investigation | |||
| to acquire | to use | |||
| to correspond | area | |||
| to employ | thesis | |||
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| Exercise 7. Match the antonyms. | |||
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| to acquire | collective |
| final | optional |
| different | to lose |
| theory | outdatedness |
| individual | to prevent |
| applied | initial |
| mandatory | practice |
| novelty | basic |
| to help | similar |
| Exercise 8. Answer the questions. |
1. When is a master thesis written?
2. How are master theses defended?
3. What is the assessment of a final paper determined by?
4. What must final papers reveal?
5. Can a master thesis be descriptive and reviewing?
6. What kind of aims may research have?
7. What must a master thesis correspond and conform to?
8. What must the research object of a master thesis be related to?
9. How is a master thesis prepared?
10. What is the purpose of a master thesis?
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| Exercise 9. Fill in the gaps with correct words. Each clue is an anagram. |
1. The text of the Master paper is submitted for public … (fedecen) and it provides the basis of … (mestessasn).
2. Final papers need all … (dwenolkeg) acquired (during) studies.
3. The final master thesis is a qualifying … (tylacanial) independent original … (cheresar) work of the specific branch of science.
4. The master thesis has to be … (sbade) on … (pinenetnded) scientific or applied research.
5. The master thesis has to … (svagiteneit) new factors, phenomena, consistent … (stanpetr) and generalize existing propositions.
6. The research object of a master thesis must be … (daleter) to the theory and practice of the specific … (chabnr) of the science field.
7. The master thesis is prepared by … (cgonnudcti) research during all study … (yresa).
8. The … (oserupp) of a master thesis is to solve both theoretical and practical scientific problems; conduct scientific research and … (peloved) competences of scientific discussion, … (tumigearontan) and communication.
TEXT 2
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| Exercise 1. Read the text. |
My Research Work
My research work started when I was a third-year student. At that time
I began studying special subjects, which were new and very interesting for me and I decided to participate in the students' scientific and technical conference with the report on the ways and methods of data interpretation. This area
of computer science seemed to me very fascinating because it was (and it is)
of great practical application.
Professor N. of the department of Higher Mathematics and Software for Computers and Automated Systems agreed to be my scientific supervisor and helped me a lot with preparing the research work. My report was highly appreciated, I became a winner of the conference and decided to continue this investigation.
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That's why the theme of my diploma paper was also connected with
the same subject. After graduating from the university I was offered to take Master's course at our university. Last September I was enrolled as a Master student of the MSTU. I made up my mind to study the problems of computer analysis and data interpretation and now I am working on my research project.
Being a Master student I have to take courses in different subjects. All master students have to attend lectures, seminars and practical lessons, take credit tests and exams at the end of each term. The duration of my Master programme is
2 years after that I am to prove my Master's thesis.
The specific subject of my investigation is the development of mathematical model for data analysis and interpretation intended for various purposes. It means that I carry out the research on the problems of creating the appropriate software. I work alone under the supervision of professor N. He is a Doctor of Science and he is at the top of his field.
My work includes some stages. At first I will study the background – everything that has been done in this field before. I have some hypotheses concerning the process of creating the mathematical model. One of them seems the most promising. Then I am planning to conduct a few tests aimed
at determining the properties of the models.
Finally I will analyze the results and decide what hypothesis can be supported on the basis of the tests. I suppose that my research work will be of some practical application. Its results can be used for many practical purposes. To attain eminence in my field I have to work hard that's why now I do my best to make
a good progress in my studies and conduct the research.
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| Exercise 2. Answer the following questions speaking about yourself. |
1. When did you decide to carry out the research?
2. What is the field of your investigation?
3. Why did you decide to take master's course?
4. What subjects do you study?
5. What is the specific subject of your investigation?
6. Who is your scientific supervisor?
7. Do you have any hypotheses?
8. Will your work be of any practical application?
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| Exercise 3. Complete the sentences. |
1. When I was a student, I often _____.
2. The theme of my diploma paper was _____.
3. This field of science seems to me _____.
4. After graduating from the university I was offered ____.
5. I decided to study _____.
6. As a Master student I have to _____.
7. I carry out the research work in the field ____.
8. I am planning to conduct ____ aimed at _____.
9. The results of the experiments will _____.
10. After analyzing the results of the research I will decide ____.
11. I suppose that my research work ____.
12. The results of my research can be used for ____.
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| Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions. |
1. Currently Professor Brown carries out the research work … the field … geoecology.
2. My colleague has written a paper … the ionosphere scintillations.
3. I am planning to make a report … the problems of distance education.
4. We will fulfill an extensive investigation … the main properties of hydraulic systems.
5. This Master student is doing a research … the causes of ecological disasters.
6. The theme of my thesis is connected … the topic of my diploma paper.
7. Last April I enrolled … a part-time post-graduate student of the MSTU.
8. I take courses … Philosophy and English.
9. My scientific supervisor is … the top of his field.
10. Nick is going to conduct some experiments aimed … determining the main features of this process.
11. Your hypothesis can be proved … the basis of the results of observations.
12. The results of my research work can be used … various purposes.
| Exercise 5. Make up a story about your research work. |
VOCABULARY
Russian-English variant
| бесполезный | unhelpful, useless |
| в настоящее время, недавно | currently, recently |
| варьировать(ся) | range, vary |
| взаимосвязь, взаимозависимость | correlation, interrelation, interdependence |
| вклад | contribution |
| включать | involve, include, subsume |
| влияние, воздействие | influence, impact |
| влиять | affect, influence |
| возрастать | increase, rise, grow |
| выбирать | opt for, choose |
| выдвигать, представлять | advance, present, put forward |
| выполнять, осуществлять | carry out, fulfil, perform |
| главным образом, преимущественно, в основном | largely, mainly, primarily, substantially |
| данные, факты, свидетельства | evidence, findings, data, facts |
| делать приоритетным, актуализировать, выносить на передний план | prioritise, take priority over, foreground |
| допускать, предполагать | assume, accept, presume, suppose, presuppose |
| достичь | achieve, attain, reach |
| зависящий от, обусловленный | subject to |
| заменять, взаимозаменять | replace, substitute; interchange |
| заявлять, отмечать, указывать | state, point out, mention, observe, indicate |
| значение, роль | value, meaning, role, sense, significance |
| значимый, важный | meaningful, significant, urgent, of top priority |
| значительный, существенный, резкий | dramatic, sharp, drastic, essential, radical |
| изменять | change, alter, transform |
| изучать, тщательно исследовать | study, investigate, examine, scrutinise |
| интерес, внимание к чему-л.; озабоченность | concern, preoccupation with | ||
| использовать | use, employ, utilise | ||
| исследование | investigation, inquiry, research, study | ||
| конкретный, специфический, частный, отдельно взятый | particular, specific; certain | ||
| концентрироваться на | focus, centre, pinpoint | ||
| косвенно | implicitly, indirectly | ||
| коснуться, затронуть (проблемы) | touch upon, dwell on, be concerned with | ||
| краткий обзор | overview, outline | ||
| лежащий в основе | underlying, lying behind | ||
| направление (научное) | trend, school | ||
| начинать, инициировать, побуждать | initiate, instigate | ||
| небесспорный, сомнительный | questionable; dubious | ||
| недоставать, нехватка | lack, want, shortage | ||
| недостаток | disadvantage, drawback, flaw, shortcoming | ||
| недостающий | missing | ||
| неполный, разрозненный, фрагментарный | incomplete, sketchy, fragmentary | ||
| непосредственный | immediate, direct | ||
| неправильный, вводящий в заблуждение | misleading, confusing | ||
| неясный, нечеткий, (логически) неверный | ambiguous, vague, uncertain, illegitimate, diffuse | ||
| обеспечивать, предусматривать | provide (for), ensure, guarantee | ||
| область, сфера | domain, sphere, scope | ||
| обнаружить, выявить | reveal, unveil | ||
| обоснованный | valid, grounded, justified, proved | ||
| обусловливать, предопределять; условие, предпосылка | condition, precondition v, n | ||
| общеизвестный | common, common-sense | ||
| объяснять что-л. | explain, account for | ||
| ограничения, рамки | limitations, restrictions, constraints, restraints | ||
| ограниченный | limited, restricted, confined | ||
| однако, тем не менее | nonetheless, nevertheless, however | ||
| ожидаемый, перспективный, многообещающий | perspective, prospective, promising, suggestive | ||
| определять, обозначать, обозначить | define, determine, denote, identify | ||
| опровергать, подрывать | disconfirm, disprove, refute, undermine, upturn | ||
| освещать, обращать внимание | illuminate, elucidate, shed light, highlight, point up | ||
| основания, основы | basis, foundations, grounds | ||
| основной, главный, центральный | key, core, prime, major, basic, guiding | ||
| основывать(ся); тж. полагаться | rest, be based on; rely | ||
| особенность, характерная черта | feature, peculiarity | ||
| осознание, знание | awareness | ||
| оспаривать, подвергать сомнению | question, put to ~, challenge | ||
| откладывать | defer, delay | ||
| открыто, прямо | explicitly, openly | ||
| отличать, отличаться, различать, различаться | differ, distinguish, differentiate, draw a distinction, discriminate | ||
| отличный, отличающийся от | different, distinct | ||
| относительно | comparatively, relatively | ||
| относить(ся), быть связанным | refer, relate, pertain, bear upon | ||
| отношение, соотношение | attitude, relation(ship) | ||
| охватывать | cover, comprise | ||
| оценивать | evaluate, assess, estimate | ||
| очевидный | evident, obvious, apparent | ||
| ошибочный, некорректный, чреватый ошибками неполноценный, несовершенный, не отвечающий требованиям | mistaken, incorrect, error prone, erroneous, inadequate | ||
| перейти к, обратиться к | move on to, turn to | ||
| пересмотреть | revise, rediscover, rethink, reconceptualise | ||
| подтверждать | confirm, verify, bear out, support | ||
| подчеркивать, акцентировать, выделять | emphasise, lay / place emphasis / stress on | ||
| понимать, осознавать, проникать в суть | realise, grasp, have an insight into | ||
| понятие | concept, notion, construct |
| посвящать | devote, dedicate |
| появляться, возникать | emerge, occur |
| пояснение, комментарий | comment |
| предмет, тема, вопрос, проблема | issue, topic, (subject) matter, point, question |
| предполагать, намереваться | intend, be going to |
| предполагать, подразумевать, значить | imply, suggest, mean, signify |
| предположение, гипотеза; предпосылка | assumption, hypothesis; premise |
| (предпринять) попытку, усилие | attempt, make an effort at |
| преимущество, достоинство, ценное качество | advantage, benefit, merit, asset, strong point |
| приводить к, вызывать | cause, bring about, generate, incur, induce, lead, result |
| признавать | acknowledge, recognise |
| признанный, знаменитый, ведущий | recognised, renowned, famous, leading |
| причина, подоплека, логическое обоснование | cause, reason, rationale |
| проверка | assessment, test, check |
| проистекать из, явиться следствием | result, follow |
| происходить, корениться, восходить | originate, root, date back to |
| противоречивый, несовместимый, непоследовательный, несостоятельный | controversial, contradictory, conflicting, inconsistent, untenable |
| развивающийся, эволюционирующий | developing, evolving |
| размещать, ранжировать (на шкале) | rank along, (al)locate, place, set upon a scale |
| рамки, пределы, границы | scope, boundaries, frame(work) |
| рассматриваемый | considered, discussed, in question, under consideration / debate / discussion |
| рассматривать, принимать во внимание, учитывать, остановиться на | consider, regard, attend, draw attention to, treat, deal with, take into account, make a point about |
| рассуждения | reasoning, speculations | ||
| результат, (по)следствие | consequence, implication, effect, result | ||
| связанный с, посвященный чему-л., относящийся к | linked, (inter)connected, intertwined, concerned, bound / tied up with | ||
| следовательно, таким образом | consequently, therefore, hence, thus | ||
| событие, обстоятельство; вывод, заключение | development | ||
| сокращать(ся), убывать | reduce, diminish, decrease, drop, fall, decline | ||
| специалист, ученый, авторитет | authority, scholar, expert | ||
| сравнивать, противопоставлять, co~ | compare, contrast; juxtapose | ||
| средний | average, middle, mean | ||
| сталкиваться (с проблемой) | encounter, face / be faced with | ||
| строгий | strict, rigorous | ||
| текущий, современный, тж. актуальный | ongoing; current | ||
| точка зрения, взгляд | view / stand point, perspective, outlook, stance | ||
| трактовка | interpretation, treatment | ||
| требовать | require, necessitate, demand | ||
| трудный, сложный | complicated, difficult, complex | ||
| уместный, актуальный | relevant | ||
| упускать из виду | overlook, fail to see / realise | ||
| устанавливать | establish, set up | ||
| утверждать, заявлять | assert, argue, contend, hold, maintain | ||
| утверждение | assertion, contention, statement | ||
| уточнять, точно определять | specify | ||
| фактически, на самом деле, действительно | actually, in fact, in effect | ||
| формировать | shape, form | ||
| хотя, несмотря на | notwithstanding, although, despite | ||
| целесообразный | worthwhile, expedient | ||
| цель | aim, goal, objective, purpose, target | ||
| часть, соотношение | proportion, part | ||
| четкий, ясный | precise, accurate, exact, neat | ||
English-Russian variant
| achieve, attain, reach | достичь |
| acknowledge, recognise | признавать |
| actually, in fact, in effect | фактически, на самом деле, действительно |
| advance, present, put forward | выдвигать, представлять |
| advantage, benefit, merit, asset, strong point | преимущество, достоинство, ценное качество |
| affect, influence | влиять |
| aim, goal, objective, purpose, target | цель |
| ambiguous, vague, uncertain, illegitimate, diffuse | неясный нечеткий, (логически) неверный |
| assert, argue, contend, hold, maintain | утверждать, заявлять |
| assertion, contention, statement | утверждение |
| assessment, test, check | проверка |
| assume, accept, presume, suppose, presuppose | допускать, предполагать |
| assumption, hypothesis; premise | предположение, гипотеза; предпосылка |
| attempt, make an effort at | (предпринять) попытку, усилие |
| attitude, relation(ship) | отношение, соотношение |
| authority, scholar, expert | специалист, ученый, авторитет |
| average, middle, mean | средний |
| awareness | осознание, знание |
| basis, foundations, grounds | основания; основы |
| carry out, fulfil, perform | выполнять, осуществлять |
| cause, bring about, generate, incur, induce, lead, result | приводить к, вызывать |
| cause, reason, rationale | причина, подоплека, логическое обоснование |
| change, alter, transform | изменять |
| comment | пояснение, комментарий |
| common, common-sense | общеизвестный |
| comparatively, relatively | относительно |
| compare, contrast; juxtapose | сравнивать, противопоставлять, co~ |
| complicated, difficult, complex | трудный, сложный | ||
| concept, notion, construct | понятие | ||
| concern, preoccupation with | интерес, внимание к чему-либо; озабоченность | ||
| condition, precondition v, n | обусловливать, предопределять; условие, предпосылка | ||
| confirm, verify, bear out, support | подтверждать | ||
| consequence, implication, effect, result | результат, (по)следствие | ||
| consequently, therefore, hence, thus | следовательно, таким образом | ||
| consider, regard, attend, draw attention to, treat, deal with, take into account, make a point about | рассматривать, принимать во внимание, учитывать, остановиться на | ||
| considered, discussed, in question, under consideration / debate / discussion | рассматриваемый | ||
| contribution | вклад | ||
| controversial, contradictory, conflicting, inconsistent, untenable | противоречивый, несовместимый, непоследовательный, несостоятельный | ||
| correlation, interrelation, interdependence | взаимосвязь, взаимозависимость | ||
| cover, comprise | охватывать | ||
| currently, recently | в настоящее время, недавно | ||
| defer, delay | откладывать | ||
| define, determine, denote, identify | определять, обозначать, обозначить | ||
| developing, evolving | развивающийся, эволюционирующий | ||
| development | событие, обстоятельство; вывод, заключение | ||
| devote, dedicate | посвящать | ||
| differ, distinguish, differentiate, draw a distinction, discriminate | отличать, отличаться, различать, различаться | ||
| different, distinct | отличный, отличающийся от | ||
| disadvantage, drawback, flaw, shortcoming | недостаток | ||
| disconfirm, disprove, refute, undermine, upturn | опровергать, подрывать | ||
| domain, sphere, scope | область, сфера |
| dramatic, sharp, drastic, essential, radical | значительный, существенный, резкий |
| emerge, occur | появляться, возникать |
| emphasise, lay / place emphasis / stress on | подчеркивать, акцентировать, выделять |
| encounter, face / be faced with | сталкиваться (с проблемой) |
| establish, set up | устанавливать |
| evaluate, assess, estimate | оценивать |
| evidence, findings, data, facts | данные, факты, свидетельства |
| evident, obvious, apparent | очевидный |
| explain, account for | объяснять что-л. |
| explicitly, openly | открыто, прямо |
| feature, peculiarity | особенность, характерная черта |
| focus, centre, pinpoint | концентрироваться на |
| foreground; prioritise, take priority over | актуализировать, выносить на передний план; делать приоритетным |
| illuminate, elucidate, shed light, highlight, point up | освещать, обращать внимание |
| immediate, direct | непосредственный |
| implicitly, indirectly | косвенно |
| imply, suggest, mean, signify | предполагать, подразумевать, значить |
| incomplete, sketchy, fragmentary | неполный, разрозненный, фрагментарный |
| increase, rise, grow | возрастать |
| influence, impact | влияние, воздействие |
| initiate, instigate | начинать, инициировать, побуждать |
| intend, be going to | предполагать, намереваться |
| interpretation, treatment | трактовка |
| investigation, inquiry, research, study | исследование |
| involve, include, subsume | включать |
| issue, topic, (subject) matter, point, question | предмет, тема, вопрос, проблема |
| key, core, prime, major, basic, guiding, landmark | основной, главный, центральный | ||
| lack, want, shortage | недоставать, нехватка | ||
| largely, mainly, primarily, substantially | главным образом, преимущественно, в основном | ||
| limitations, restrictions, constraints, restraints | ограничения, рамки | ||
| limited, restricted, confined | ограниченный | ||
| linked, (inter)connected, intertwined, concerned, bound / tied up with | связанный с, посвященный чему-л., относящийся к | ||
| meaningful, significant, urgent, of top priority | значимый, важный | ||
| misleading, confusing | неправильный, вводящий в заблуждение | ||
| missing | недостающий | ||
| mistaken, incorrect, error prone, erroneous, inadequate | ошибочный, чреватый ошибками, некорректный, неполноценный, несовершенный, не отвечающий требованиям | ||
| move on to, turn to | перейти к, обратиться к | ||
| nonetheless, nevertheless, however | однако, тем не менее | ||
| notwithstanding, although, despite | хотя, несмотря на | ||
| ongoing; current | текущий, современный, актуальный | ||
| opt for, choose | выбирать | ||
| originate, root, date back to | происходить, корениться, восходить | ||
| overlook, fail to see / realise | упускать из виду | ||
| overview, outline | краткий обзор | ||
| particular, specific; certain | конкретный, специфический, частный, отдельно взятый | ||
| perspective, prospective, promising, suggestive | ожидаемый, перспективный, многообещающий | ||
| precise, accurate, exact, neat | четкий, ясный | ||
| proportion, part | часть, соотношение | ||
| provide (for), ensure, guarantee | обеспечивать, предусматривать | ||
| question, put to ~, challenge | оспаривать, подвергать сомнению | ||
| questionable; dubious | небесспорный, сомнительный | ||
| range, vary | варьировать(ся) |
| rank along, (al)locate, place, set upon a scale | размещать, ранжировать (на шкале) |
| realise, grasp, have an insight into | понимать, осознавать, проникать в суть |
| reasoning, speculations | рассуждения |
| recognised, renowned, famous, leading | признанный, знаменитый, ведущий |
| reduce, diminish, decrease, drop, fall, decline | сокращать(ся), убывать |
| refer, relate, pertain, bear upon | относить(ся), быть связанным |
| relevant | уместный, актуальный |
| replace, substitute; interchange | заменять, взаимозаменять |
| require, necessitate, demand | требовать |
| rest, be based on; rely | основывать(ся); тж. полагаться |
| result, follow | проистекать из, явиться следствием |
| reveal, unveil | обнаружить, выявить |
| revise, rediscover, rethink, reconceptualise | пересмотреть |
| scope, boundaries, frame(work) | рамки, пределы, границы |
| shape, form | формировать |
| specify | уточнять, точно определять |
| state, point out, mention, observe, indicate | заявлять, отмечать, указывать |
| strict, rigorous | строгий |
| study, investigate, examine, scrutinise | изучать, тщательно исследовать |
| subject to | зависящий от, обусловленный |
| touch upon, dwell on, be concerned with | коснуться, затронуть (проблемы) |
| trend, school | направление (научное) |
| underlying, lying behind | лежащий в основе |
| unhelpful, useless | бесполезный |
| use, employ, utilise | использовать |
| valid, grounded, justified, proved | обоснованный |
| value, meaning, role, sense, significance | значение, роль |
| view / stand point, perspective, outlook, stance | точка зрения, взгляд |
| worthwhile, expedient | целесообразный |
LEXICAL MINIMUM
Academic Word List
Group 1
sector • available • financial • process • individual • specific • principle
• estimate • variables • method • data • research • contract • environment • export • source • assessment • policy • identified • create • derived • factors • procedure • definition • assume • theory • benefit • evidence • established • authority
• major • issues • labour • occur • economic • involved • percent • interpretation
• consistent • income • structure • legal • concept • formula • section • required
• constitutional • analysis • distribution • function • area • approach • role
• legislation • indicate • response • period • context • significant • similar
Group 2
community • resident • range • construction • strategies • elements • previous
• conclusion • security • aspects • acquisition • features • text • commission
• regulations • computer • items • consumer • achieve • final • positive
• evaluation • assistance • normal • relevant • distinction • region • traditional
• impact • consequences • chapter • equation • appropriate • resources
• participation • survey • potential • cultural • transfer • select • credit • affect
• categories • perceived • sought • focus • purchase • injury • site • journal
• primary • complex • institute • investment • administration • maintenance
• design • obtained • restricted • conduct
Group 3
comments • convention • published • framework • implies • negative • dominant • illustrated • outcomes • constant • shift • deduction • ensure • specified
• justification • funds • reliance • physical • partnership • location • link
• coordination • alternative • initial • validity • task • techniques • excluded
• consent • proportion • demonstrate • reaction • criteria • minorities
• technology • philosophy • removed • sex • compensation • sequence
• corresponding • maximum • circumstances • instance • considerable • sufficient • corporate • interaction • contribution • immigration • component • constraints
• technical • emphasis • scheme • layer • volume • document • registered • core
Group 4
overall • emerged • regime • implementation • project • hence • occupational
• internal • goals • retained • sum • integration • mechanism • parallel • imposed • despite • job • parameters • approximate • label • concentration • principal
• series • predicted • summary • attitudes • undertaken • cycle • communication
• ethnic • hypothesis • professional • status • conference • attributed • annual
• obvious • error • implications • apparent • commitment • subsequent • debate
• dimensions • promote • statistics • option • domestic • output • access • code
• investigation • phase • prior • granted • stress • civil • contrast • resolution
• adequate
Group 5
alter • stability • energy • aware • license • enforcement • draft • styles • precise
• medical • pursue • symbolic • marginal • capacity • generation • exposure
• decline • academic • modified • external • psychology • fundamental
• adjustment • ratio • whereas • enable • version • perspective • contact • network • facilitate • welfare • transition • amendment • logic • rejected • expansion
• clause • prime • target • objective • sustainable • equivalent • liberal • notion
• substitution • generated • trend • revenue • compounds • evolution • conflict
• image • discretion • entities • orientation • consultation • mental • monitoring
• challenge
Group 6
intelligence • transformation • presumption • acknowledged • utility • furthermore
• accurate • diversity • attached • recovery • assigned • tapes • motivation • bond • edition • nevertheless • transport • cited • fees • scope • enhanced
• incorporated • instructions • subsidiary • input • abstract • ministry • capable
• expert • preceding • display • incentive • inhibition • trace • ignored • incidence • estate • cooperative • revealed • index • lecture • discrimination • overseas
• explicit • aggregate • gender • underlying • brief • domain • rational • minimum • interval • neutral • migration • flexibility • federal • author • initiatives
• allocation • exceed
Group 7
intervention • confirmed • definite • classical • chemical • voluntary • release
• visible • finite • publication • channel • file • thesis • equipment • disposal
• solely • deny • identical • submitted • grade • phenomenon • paradigm
• ultimately • extract • survive • converted • transmission • global • inferred
• guarantee • advocate • dynamic • simulation • topic • insert • reverse • decades • comprise • hierarchical • unique • comprehensive • couple • mode
• differentiation • eliminate • priority • empirical • ideology • somewhat • aid
• foundation • adults • adaptation • quotation • contrary • media • successive
• innovation • prohibited • isolated
Group 8
highlighted • eventually • inspection • termination • displacement • arbitrary
• reinforced • denote • offset • exploitation • detected • abandon • random
• revision • virtually • uniform • predominantly • thereby • implicit • tension
• ambiguous • vehicle • clarity • conformity • contemporary • automatically
• accumulation • appendix • widespread • infrastructure • deviation • fluctuations • restore • guidelines • commodity • minimises • practitioners • radical • plus
• visual • chart • appreciation • prospect • dramatic • contradiction • currency
• inevitably • complement • accompany • paragraph • induced • schedule
• intensity • crucial • via • exhibit • bias • manipulation • theme • nuclear
Group 9
bulk • behalf • unified • commenced • erosion • anticipated • minimal • ceases
• vision • mutual • norms • intermediate • manual • supplementary
• incompatible • concurrent • ethical • preliminary • integral • conversely
• relaxed • confined • accommodation • temporary • distorted • passive
• subordinate • analogous • military • scenario • revolution • diminished
• coherence • suspended • mature • assurance • rigid • controversy • sphere
• mediation • format • trigger • qualitative • portion • medium • coincide
• violation • device • insights • refine • devoted • team • overlap • attained
• restraints • inherent • route • protocol • founded • duration
Group 10
whereby • inclination • encountered • convinced • assembly • albeit • enormous
• reluctant • posed • persistent • undergo • notwithstanding • straightforward
• panel • odd • intrinsic • compiled • adjacent • integrity • forthcoming
• conceived • ongoing • so-called • likewise • nonetheless • levy • invoked
• colleagues • depression • collapse
PHRASE BANK
1. INTRODUCTION
| (The) Present article is about… book is concerned with… essay deals with… paper is devoted to… | (Настоящая)
 статья
курсовая работа … работа | ||
| Our main (primary) concern is… We are concerned with… We would like to concentrate on… I shall confine my attention strictly to… …embraces a wide range of problems. The main emphasis of this book will be on… My discussion will be centred on (the following issues)… The problem posed (raised, studied, considered, discussed) here is… The current interest in the problem is (lies in)… We shall consider (briefly) in detail the problem of… I shall dwell upon the problem of… We would like to dwell on the problem of... We turn our attention to a new and more urgent problem. | Нас в основном (прежде всего) интересует … Мы сосредоточимся на (проблеме)… Нас интересует… Важно, чтобы мы сосредоточились на… … охватывает широкий круг проблем. Острое внимание в данной книге будет сосредоточено на… Мой доклад будет сосредоточен на (следующих вопросах)… Проблема, поставленная (поднятая, изучаемая, рассматриваемая, обсуждаемая) здесь, заключается в… Интерес к данной проблеме в настоящий момент заключается в (обусловлен тем, что…) Рассмотрим (вкратце) детально проблему… Я подробно остановлюсь на проблеме… Нам бы хотелось остановиться на проблеме... Мы обращаем наше внимание на новую и более насущную проблему. |
| Thus the core of the problem is... In this light we must face the problem… Though many aspects of these problems have been debated, we can be sure that... To bring further light on various aspects it is necessary to... Another aspect of the problem of... concerns... Other aspects of the question are briefly discussed in... The question is usually regarded as... Before proceeding to the subject of the discussion, the question is bound to arise whether... | Таким образом, суть проблемы заключается в... С этой точки зрения мы должны рассмотреть проблему... Хотя многие аспекты проблемы остаются спорными, несомненно, что... Для того, чтобы более глубоко осветить различные аспекты, необходимо... Другой аспект данной проблемы касается... Другие аспекты... кратко рассматриваются в... Вопрос обычно рассматривается как... Прежде чем перейти к проблеме исследования, необходимо рассмотреть вопрос... |
2. AIMS AND GOALS OF RESEARCH
| The (main) aim of the book / paper is... Our immediate aims are confined to... The present book aims to... It is the main aim of this chapter to examine some of the main causes of... The aim of the paper is to provide an up-to-date account for... The author of this paper is aiming to reveal some of the features of... Our intention in writing this book is... | (Основная) цель данной книги / работы заключается в... Наши непосредственные цели заключаются в... Целью настоящей книги является... Задача данной главы заключается в изучении основных причин... Цель работы заключается в изложении современного понимания... Цель дайной работы заключается в раскрытии некоторых черт... Цель данной книги состоит в (следующем)... |
| In the framework of... the first objective to achieve is... We are fully aware of the nature of the objective... Our objective is the investigation of... Our objective is to explain... It is our purpose on this occasion to analyze some of the basic issues... The primary task is to study... The task requires considerable rethinking and revision... | В рамках... основной целью является… Мы в полной мере понимаем специфику данной задачи... Нашей целью является изучение... Нашей задачей является объяснение... Нашей целью в данном случае является анализ основных вопросов... Первоочередной задачей является изучение... Эта задача требует переосмысления и пересмотра... |
3. RESEARCH METHODS
| We must approach the problem from... viewpoint. At the present time this research approach rests on... Such an approach to... involves... Such an approach has made it possible to understand the reasons for... Such an approach is one-sided. The subjective approach to the study of... is... The main difference in the approaches is that... A different approach was taken by... These approaches are different but... Our approach may be summarised in the following way... The method of the investigation / inquiry is… | Мы должны подойти к проблеме с точки зрения... В настоящее время этот метод исследования основывается на... Такой подход к... требует... Такая методология позволяет выявить причины... Такой подход является односторонним. Субъективный подход к изучению... заключается... Главное различие в подходах заключается в том, что... Иной метод был использован... Эти подходы различны, но... Наш метод можно изложить следующим образом... Метод исследования заключается в... |
4. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS