The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum products. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline. Petroleum is also the raw material for many chemical products, including pharmaceuticals, solvents, fertilizers, pesticides, and plastics. The industry is usually divided into three major components: upstream, midstream and downstream. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization itself, and thus is a critical concern for many nations.
Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons, which can be either crude oil or natural gas. Subsurface activities are deemed to fall within the upstream sector of the oil and gas industry, which are the activities of finding and producing hydrocarbons. Refining and distribution to a market are referred to as the downstream sector. Exploration, by earth scientists, and petroleum engineering are the oil and gas industry's two main subsurface disciplines, which focus on maximizing economic recovery of hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs. Petroleum geology and geophysics focus on provision of a static description of the hydrocarbon reservoir rock, while petroleum engineering focuses on estimation of the recoverable volume of this resource using a detailed understanding of the physical behavior of oil, water and gas within porous rock at very high pressure.
The combined efforts of geologists and petroleum engineers throughout the life of a hydrocarbon accumulation determine the way in which a reservoir is developed and depleted, and usually they have the highest impact on field economics. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines, such as geophysics, petroleum geology, formation evaluation (well logging), drilling, economics, reservoir simulation, well engineering, artificial lift systems, and oil and gas facilities engineering.
Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession that involves extracting oil in increasingly difficult situations as much of the "low hanging fruit" of the world's oil fields has been found and depleted. Improvements in computer modeling, materials and the application of statistics, probability analysis, and new technologies like horizontal drilling and enhanced oil recovery, have drastically improved the toolbox of the petroleum engineer in recent decades.
Слова к тексту.
petroleum engineering – технология добычи нефти; нефтегазовое дело
production – добыча, производство
hydrocarbons – углеводороды
crude oil – сырая нефть
subsurface – недра, подземный
deem – полагать, считать
upstream – разведка и добыча нефти
refer – относиться, ссылаться
downstream – транспортировка, переработка и сбыт нефтепродуктов
exploration – разведка
recovery – извлечение, добыча
reservoir – хранилище, резервуар
provision – снабжение, обеспечение
porous rock – пористая порода
pressure – давление
determine – определять
deplete – истощать, исчерпывать
evaluation – оценка параметров продуктивного пласта
artificial lift – механизированная эксплуатация
enhanced oil recovery – добыча нефти усовершенствованными методами
pharmaceuticals – лекарственные средства
solvent – растворитель
fertilizer – удобрение
midstream – переработка, хранение и транспортировка нефти
drilling – бурение
concern – касаться, описывать, иметь отношение
Упр. 1. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
техническая дисциплина, природный газ, нефтегазовая промышленность, очистка, рынок, рассматривать, главный, снабжение, пористая порода, высокое давление, образование, бурение, механизированная эксплуатация, компьютерное моделирование, горизонтальное бурение, окружающая среда, инженер-нефтяник, сырье, химические продукты, разделять, важность.
Упр. 2. Прочитайте и переведите следующие словосочетания:
production of hydrocarbons
subsurface activities
upstream sector
reservoir rock
recoverable volume
physical behavior of oil
determine the way
technical profession
three major components
physical behavior of oil
Упр. 3. Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний из левой колонки.
1. activity
2. distribution
3. recovery of hydrocarbons
4. combined efforts
5. accumulation
6. require
7. related disciplines
8. improvement
9. application of statistic
10. pipeline
1. требовать
2. улучшение
3. деятельность
4. применение статистики
5. совместные усилия
6. трубопровод
7. распределение
8. извлечение углеводородов
9. родственные дисциплины
10. накопление
Упр. 4. Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты слов и словосочетаний из левой колонки.
1. нефтепродукты
2. последнее десятилетие
3. мировые процессы
4. подземное хранилище
5. разведка
6. добыча нефти
7. высокооплачиваемый
8. очистка
9. операции по транспортировке нефти
10. новые технологии
1. exploration
2. subsurface reservoir
3. extracting oil
4. new technologies
5. the highest paid
6. global processes
7. petroleum products
8. midstream operation
9. refining
10. recent decade
Упр. 5. Прочитайте следующие предложения. Найдите в каждом из них группу «подлежащие – сказуемое», определите время и залог сказуемого. Составьте все типы вопросов к предложениям.
1. Petroleum engineering requires a good knowledge of many other related disciplines.
2. Midstream operations are usually included in the downstream category.
3. Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession.
4. Petroleum is vital to many industries.
5. The completion system must also be efficient and cost effective to achieve maximum production and financial goals.
6. Originally, the role of reservoir engineering was exclusively that of counting oil and natural gas reserves.
7. Reservoir behavior can be simulated using models.
8. The engineering involved in various production processes is constantly being changed and improved with new advances in technology.
Упр. 6. Выразите согласие или несогласие со следующими высказываниями. Подтвердите свою точку зрения фактами из текста, используя следующие разговорные формулы: I don’t think so; it’s true; it’s not right; I can’t agree with you; you are wrong; on the one hand; on the other hand; according to the text.
1. Refining and distribution to a market are referred to as the downstream sector.
2. Petroleum engineering has historically been one of the highest paid engineering disciplines.
3. Relational databases and advanced computer graphics are used in petroleum exploration.
4. The largest volume products of the industry are fuel oil and gasoline (petrol).
5. The technical control of production is also part of modern engineering.
6. The petroleum industry includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transporting and marketing petroleum products.
7. Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession.
8. Engineering is usually viewed in the context of a specific branch of production.
Упр. 7. Составьте предложения, соединив части А и В.
А
1. Petroleum industry is a vital to many industries
2. Petroleum is also the raw material
3. Petroleum engineering is an engineering discipline concerned with
4. Petroleum engineering has historically been
5. The industry is usually divided into three main components
B
1. one of the highest paid engineering disciplines.
2. the activities related to the production of hydrocarbons.
3. upstream, midstream and downstream.
4. and is of importance to the maintenance of industrial civilization itself.
5. for many chemical products.
Упр. 8. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
1. Нефтяная промышленность охватывает общие процессы разведки, добычи, очистки, транспортировки и сбыта нефтепродуктов.
2. Значительное количество продукции нефтяной промышленности - это жидкое топливо и бензин.
3. Нефтедобыча — сложный производственный процесс, включающий в себя геологоразведку, бурение скважин и их ремонт, очистку добытой нефти от воды, серы, парафина и многое другое.
4. Нефть является сырьём для многих химических продуктов.
5. Современная добыча нефти осуществляется посредством бурения скважин с последующим извлечением нефти и сопутствующих ей газов и воды.
6. Нефтедобывающая и нефтеперерабатывающая промышленность оказывает существенное воздействие на окружающую среду.
7. Нефтяным промыслом называется технологический комплекс, состоящий из скважин, газопроводов, и установок различного назначения, с помощью которых на месторождении осуществляют извлечение черного золота из недр Земли.
8. Нефть и газ являются одной из основ российской экономики, важнейшим источником экспортных поступлений страны.
9. Почти вся добываемая в мире нефть, извлекается посредством буровых скважин, закрепленных стальными трубами высокого давления.
10. Рост добычи нефти достигнут за счет открытия новых месторождений и залежей нефти в пределах разрабатываемых площадей, внедрения альтернативных способов добычи.
Упр. 9. Пользуясь словарем, письменно переведите следующие предложения:
1. After an oil or gas accumulation is discovered, technical supervision of the reservoir is transferred to the petroleum engineering group.
2. The Russian term tekhnologiia also refers to the operations of extracting, processing, reprocessing, transporting, and storing materials; such operations are the basic components of the production process.
3. The technical control of production is also part of modern engineering.
4. It is customary to use the term tekhnologiia for descriptions of production processes, instructions for performing such processes, engineering codes, specifications and requirements, charts, diagrams, and the like.
5. The goal of engineering as a science is to discover physical, chemical, mechanical, and other regularities in order to define and put into practice the most efficient and economical production processes, requiring the least expenditure of time and material resources.
6. Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics and economics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms.
7. Chemical engineering largely involves the design, improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture.
8. Environmental engineering is the application of science and engineering principles to improve the natural environment (air, water, and/or land resources), to provide healthy water, air, and land for human habitation (house or home) and for other organisms, and to remediate polluted sites.
9. The oil and gas industry in the Russian Federation continues to provide a wealth of exciting opportunities for foreign businessmen.
10. The Russian oil industry is in need of huge investment. Strong growth in the Russian economy means that local demand for energy of all types (oil, gas, nuclear, coal, hydro, electricity) is continuing to grow.
Упр. 10. Расскажите, что нового вы узнали из текста, используя следующие разговорные формулы:
The subject of the text is; the text deals with; as a matter of fact; it is pointed out that; it should be noted that; according to the text; I can add; the subject of the text is; I’d like to say that; as a matter of fact; broadly speaking; as far as I know; to my mind; in my opinion.
В своём рассказе дайте ответы на следующие вопросы:
What does petroleum industry include?
Is petroleum industry divided into three major components?
What is petroleum engineering?
What is referred to as the downstream sector?
Petroleum engineering has become a technical profession, hasn’t it?
Урок 3.
Тема: Специализация инженеров нефтяников.
Задание. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание, пользуясь списком новых слов и словосочетаний. Выполните следующие за ним упражнения.