Mathematical Theories in Management

1. Management sciences is a phrase intended to represent a common and mutually accepted ncern on the part of a number of scientific disciplines with the study and solution of the problems management. World War II and the period after saw a great increase of interest on the part of the plied scientist in the management problems of the military and of the industrial firms. The nian-ement sciences are bound together by more than a common intellectual interest. They also are a common philosophy of method: namely the need for more rigorous analysis of the compli­ed problems of management. This need can often be satisfied by the use of the mathematics or carefully controlled observation and experiment.

2. Interest in the mathematics of management increased tremendously alter World War II, although a number of notable treaties had appeared before. This interest resulted in new fields of mathematical research, fields whose titles reflect the potential application to management prob­lems: Inventory theory. Waiting Line or Queuing theory, Linear and Nonlinear programming, Dy­namic Programming, Game theory. Inventory theory provides a language for describing (he state of a system that is subject to a pattern of demand and has available resources for building up supplies. The demands may be probabilistic and may vary in kind. The replenishment may be subject to delays and uncertainties. This inventory theory may be applied to many problems where the term «inventory» would be normally used, such as planning of personnel assignments, park­ing facilities and cash flows.

3. Waiting Line theory we know as Queuing theory is the language of a system of service units. It describes customers to arrive for service, ft shows how service meets their requirements in terms of average service time and variations in ser­vice time. That is, how long the customer may and have to wait, how long the service unit may be idle.

4. Linear Programming is a language of activities that describes how these activities uti­lise their resources in order to accomplish cer­tain prescribed tasks. If also describes how these activities operate within limitation of time and space. The term «linear» reflects the fact that the basic descriptions have to take a form of li­near algebraic equations or inequations. Now linear programming permits a relaxation of this requirement. The language of linear programming is astonishingly versatile. In addition to its obvi­ous use in the planning of production schedules, it has been employed in such areas as military logistics, transportation and traffic, personnel assignments and salary' levels.

5. Dynamic Programming of the maximization theory expresses in the language and permits
one to maximize over a whole series of states where each state depends on decisions that have been
made in earlier states. This language allows one to state in rigorous terms the period-by-period
consequences of decisions and to calculate the desirability of incurring temporary losses.

6. Game theory is a language for describing competitive strategies when the opponents are
able to influence the probability of success of the other «players» under prescribed rules, and can
form situation to threat the activities of others. This language therefore will be well adapted to the
study of competition. But its applications have not been extensive because in many realistic prob­lems it is difficult to ascertain what the players really want and the rules that govern their plays. In
addition to these languages, the following can also be mentioned: theories of search, replacement,
communication, information and decision making. All these languages enable the scientist to state
in rigorous terms the nature of the problem as he sees it, and the consequences of alternative
decisions even when situation is extremely complicated.

2. Выпишите из абзацев 1,2,4, 6 предложения, содержащие форму глагола в cтрадательном залоге Passive Voice, определите в каждом из них временную форму. Пере­ведите предложения на русский язык.

3, Выпишите из абзацев 4, 5, 6 в текста предложения с it, that, one, обращая внима-­
ние на разницу в переводе этих слов. Предложения переведите.

4, Выпишите из абзацев 2, 3, 4,6 предложения, содержащие глаголы tobe, to do, tо

have, обращая внимание на различные функции их употребления. Определите функ­ции глаголов (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол, глагол-связка), предложения переведите.

5.Выпишите из абзацев 1, 3, 4 предложения, содержащие бессоюзное подчинение,

и переведите их.

6. Выпишите из абзацев 4, 5, 6 предложения, содержащие инфинитив, и переведи­те их. Определите функцию инфинитива в предложении.

ВАРИАНТ 5

I. Прочитайте и устно переведите весь текст. Перепишите и письменно переве­дите абзацы 2, 4, 5.

Words and Expressions

organizational or industrial производственные, профессиональные

relations отношения, деловое общение

white-collar worker служащий

to earn one's living зарабатывать па жизнь

employee productivity производительность труда служащих

employer работодатель

labour unions профсоюзы

authority and subordinates начальство и подчиненные

superiors начальство

decision making принятие решений

promotion продвижение по службе

industrial self-governance производственное самоуправление